Discourse of University: Knowledge in the Era of Contemporary Forms of Capitalism Development

The article represents research in the field of the contemporary forms of economic development based on the knowledge which acts as a new productive force. It is shown that the new stage of economic development is connected to the transformation from the material forms to non-material forms of functioning and has its roots in the cultural revolution of 1970s. The reorganization of the university and the educational organization in European countries in general played the key role as preconditions of the cultural revolution. Marxist methodology was chosen as an instrument for the analysis of knowledge-based economy taking into account the need to develop Marx conception of general intellect (scientific knowledge) and revise the class theory and the theory of surplus value.The key finding is that the contemporary knowledge-based economy implements both financial and productive tendencies in conjunction. It is shown that the predominance of one or another tendency depends on university’s discourse functioning which serves as a mediator between a subject of knowledge and the capitalism discourse. The first tendency reflects undesirable processes of social life: general intellect when it isn’t tied to the production, begins to develop according to the formula «G.I - G.I’», reproducing financial logic of capital increment. In such case, we deal with the process of knowledge submission to capital. The second tendency is connected with the dominance of productive function and defined in terms of cognitive capitalism, where knowledge-based intellectual labor gets its autonomy from capital. Cognitive capitalism represents such form of economic organization where knowledge, as a productive force, makes possible the intellectual productions which involve cognitarians - cognitive workers and producers which are able to create the innovative products. The maintenance and development of the cognitive capitalism become possible in connection with the correct organization of education at university which, in addition to the classic form of knowledge (hard skills), represents a contemporary digital space for the transfer of additional knowledge (soft skills) and serves as a platform for the organization of the effective forms of intellectual productions

Bryophyte Diversity of Calcareous Fens in the Bashkir Cis-Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan, the Southern Urals)

The bryophyte diversity of base-rich fens was studied in 16 calcareous mires of the Bashkir Cis-Urals (the Southern Ural region). Thirty-seven moss species and nine liverworts were recorded in treeless communities dominated by Schoenus ferrugineus, Molinia caerulea, small sedges and mosses. The annotated species list with precise locations is provided. Most of the surveyed mires are located in the northeastern part of the Bashkir Cis-Urals, that is, in the Mesyagutovo forest-steppe bordering with the western foothills of the Southern Ural Mountains. In the plain areas of the western part of the Bashkir Cis-Urals, calcareous mires are very rare and characterized by the low number of habitat specialists. Arctic-boreo-alpine species (Cinclidium stygium,Paludella squarrosa, Palustriella decipiens, Pseudocalliergon trifarium, etc.) make up approximately 30% of the total bryophyte diversity of the surveyed fens. In the study area, these species grow in small isolated populations at the southern limit of the species range. Currently, only half of the surveyed calcareous mires are located within protected areas. It is essential to improve the protection of these unique habitats inthe study area. Keywords: calcareous mires, base-rich fens, bryophytes, the Southern Ural

DNA marker identification of downy mildew resistance locus <i>Rpv10</i> in grapevine genotypes

One of the most common and harmful diseases of grapevine is downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola. Cultivars of Vitis vinifera, the basis of high-quality viticulture, are mainly not resistant to downy mildew. Varieties with natural resistance to downy mildew belong to the vine species of North America and Asia (V. aestivalis, V. berlandieri, V. cinerea, V. labrusca, V. amurensis, etc.), as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The breeding of resistant cultivars is based on interspecific crossing. Currently, molecular genetic methods are increasingly used in pre-selection work and directly in breeding. One of the major loci of downy mildew resistance, Rpv10, was first identified in the variety Solaris and was originally inherited from wild V. amurensis. DNA markers that allow detecting Rpv10 in grapevine genotypes are known. We used PCR analysis to search for donors of resistance locus among 30 grape cultivars that, according to their pedigrees, could carry Rpv10. The work was performed using an automatic genetic analyzer, which allows obtaining high-precision data. Rpv10 locus allele, which determines resistance to the downy mildew pathogen, has been detected in 10 genotypes. Fingerprinting of grape cultivars with detected Rpv10 was performed at 6 reference SSR loci. DNA marker analysis revealed the presence of a resistance allele in the cultivar Korinka russkaya, which, according to publicly available data, is the offspring of the cultivar Zarya Severa and cannot carry Rpv10. Using the microsatellite loci polymorphism analysis and the data from VIVC database, it was found that Korinka russkaya is the progeny of the cultivar Severnyi, which is the donor of the resistance locus Rpv10. The pedigree of the grapevine cultivar Korinka russkaya was also clarified

DNA-marker based identification of the RPV3 gene determining downy mildew resistance in grapevines

Downy mildew is one of the most common fungal diseases of the vine, caused by Plasmopara viticola. An effective way to control the spread of the pathogen is to cultivate resistant varieties. Cultivars of Vitis vinifera, being the basis of high-quality viticulture, practically do not possess genetic resistance to P. viticola, so screening for resistance donors is an important stage in breeding. One of the major resistance loci to downy mildew, the Rpv3 gene, was identified in the genotype of a complex interspecific hybrid of grapes Bianca. Later, it was found that this gene had seven haplotypes of resistance inherited from North American grape species, and that it was possible to identify the allelic status of the gene using DNA-markers UDV305, UDV737. However, only two haplotypes can be combined in one diploid form. To determine the Rpv3 gene in the grape gene pool we, using these markers, studied 35 different genotypes of grapevines, most of which are interspecies cultivars. Three varieties with known allelic status of the Rpv3 gene (Dunavski lazur, Noah, Seyve Villard 12-375) were included in the study as reference genotypes. The genotypes were studied through polymerase chain reaction with separation of amplification products by capillary electrophoresis in automatic genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. In the studied grape cultivars DNA marker analysis indentified the Rpv3 gene in sixteen genotypes of interspecific origin, including haplotype Rpv3299-279 found in twelve varieties, Rpv3321-312 – in three, and haplotype Rpv3null-271 – in one variety. Seyve Villard 12-375 turned out to be the donor of resistance gene in the most of the genotypes carrying Rpv3 in this study. The obtained data can be useful in selection of mildew resistant grape varieties and screening for hybridization pairs

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene as a trigger of oxidative stress in Fagopyrum tataricum callus cells

Effect of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on callus cells of Tartar buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) was accompanied by six-electron reduction of ortho- or para-nitro groups of the xenobiotic with the production of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT). It was discovered that the xenobiotic TNT impairs integrity of cell membrane, which apparently results from its one-electron reduction coupled with production of nitro radical-anion and superoxide anion. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

16th IHIW: Immunogenetics of Aging

Ageing is a process characterised by progressive loss of function in multiple different organ systems, such as the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Current data showing that ageing processes may be associated with alterations in the immune system suggest that some of the genetic determinants of senescence might be polymorphic genes that regulate immune responses. The ‘Immunogenetics of Aging’ programme was a component introduced in the 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIWS) and developed further within the 15th and 16th. The aim of this component was to determine the contribution of immune genes to successful ageing and an increased capacity to reach the extreme limits of lifespan. Within the 16th IHIWS, new populations were included, and the number of samples analysed was increased. Analysis was focused on innate immunity genes (KIR and MBL2) and their correlation with CMV serostatus. Collaborative studies suggested that both activating and inhibitory KIR and functionally relevant MBL2 haplotypes are important factors for control of CMV infection in the elderly and therefore for chronic low-grade inflammation. Results showed that these genes might be predictive biomarkers in ageing and longevity. Prevalence of MBL2 haplotypes determining absence of the protein (LYPB, LYQC and HYPD) was observed in elderly people with a higher CMV antibody titre. The high CMV titre was also associated with a decreased frequency of the activatory KIR2DS5 and A1B10 haplotypes in elderly. Due to the role of KIR and low or deficient MBL haplotypes in viral infections, these genetic markers could be considered as indicators of a need for CMV prophylaxis at younger age and therefore increased probability of longer lifespan

Characterisation of native Dagestan grape cultivars using SSR-analysis and the main ampelographic features of the leaves

Local, ancient grape cultivars of different cultivation regions are important part of grapevine genetic resources. Dagestan is one of the oldest regions of viticulture in the Russian Federation. Some Dagestan aboriginal grape varieties are cultivated on an industrial scale, while others are found in single numbers. The study of the native gene pool is given special attention in all grapes producing countries of the world. Currently, the most informative method of plant genotypes analysis is the study at the DNA level. The main features of the leaves of grape varieties are a key ampelographical characteristic. We studied cultivars Agadai, Alyi terskyi, Bor kara, Buday shuli, Gok ala, Gok izyum, Mahbor cibil, Yai izyum beliy, Yai izyum rozovyi by using these approaches. DNA profiles of 9 local Dagestan grape cultivars were obtained on microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera L. genotyping. The cultivars analyzed have different sets of allele combination by the loci studied. Evaluation of the genetic similarity of cultivars according to the results of microsatellite analysis showed that the genotypes of Mahbоr cibil and Aliy terskiy are closer to the Western European gene pool of V. vinifera L. than any other native varieties in the sample studied. In addition, the grapevine cultivars studied were described for the main features of the formed leaves according to the method of the international organization of vine and wine. The similarity of cultivars Gok Ala and Agadai was shown by the results of analysis of the leaves characteristics and according to SSR-profiling

Principles of meiotic chromosome assembly revealed in S. cerevisiae

During meiotic prophase, chromosomes organise into a series of chromatin loops emanating from a proteinaceous axis, but the mechanisms of assembly remain unclear. Here we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae to explore how this elaborate three-dimensional chromosome organisation is linked to genomic sequence. As cells enter meiosis, we observe that strong cohesin-dependent grid-like Hi-C interaction patterns emerge, reminiscent of mammalian interphase organisation, but with distinct regulation. Meiotic patterns agree with simulations of loop extrusion with growth limited by barriers, in which a heterogeneous population of expanding loops develop along the chromosome. Importantly, CTCF, the factor that imposes similar features in mammalian interphase, is absent in S. cerevisiae, suggesting alternative mechanisms of barrier formation. While grid-like interactions emerge independently of meiotic chromosome synapsis, synapsis itself generates additional compaction that matures differentially according to telomere proximity and chromosome size. Collectively, our results elucidate fundamental principles of chromosome assembly and demonstrate the essential role of cohesin within this evolutionarily conserved process