Intervention for mixed receptive-expressive language impairment : a review

Children with receptive-expressive language impairment (RELI), also referred to as 'receptive language disorder' or 'mixed receptive-expressive disorder',2 form a subset of those with speech, language, and communication needs who commonly have problems understanding both spoken and written language; they have particular difficulties in comprehending vocabulary and grammar and inferring meaning. They will have problems with expressive language and some will also have difficulties in pragmatics, i.e. the use of language in social contexts

Kinetics of proinflammatory cytokines after intraperitoneal injection of tribromoethanol and a tribromoethanol/xylazine combination in ICR mice

Tribromoethanol (2,2,2-tribromoethanol, TBE) is a popular injectable anesthetic agent used in mice in Korea. Our goal was to assess the risks associated with side effects (lesions) in the abdominal cavity, especially at high doses. To understand the underlying pathophysiological changes, we examined levels of cytokines through ELISA of abdominal lavage fluid and spleen collected from mice treated with low and high-dose TBE. ICR mice were anesthetized using one of the following protocols: a combination of TBE 200 mg/kg (1.25%) and xylazine 10 mg/kg; TBE 400 mg/kg (1.25%); and TBE 400 mg/kg (2.5%). Administration of high-dose TBE (400 mg/kg) increased the interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 levels in the peritoneal cavity over the short term (<1 day) compared with sham controls and low-dose TBE (200 mg/kg) groups. Cytokine expression in the low-dose TBE group was similar to the control group, whereas in the high-dose TBE group cytokine levels were higher in abdominal lavage fluid and spleen over the long term (10 days post-injection). We conclude that a combination of TBE 200 mg/kg (1.25%) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) is a safe and effective anesthetic for use in animals

ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds

The ICPD agenda of reproductive health was declared as the most comprehensive one, which had actually broadened the spectrum of reproductive health and drove the states to embark upon initiatives to improve reproductive health status of their populations. However, like all other countries, Pakistan also seems to have shifted focus of its policies and programs towards achieving MDGs. As a result, concepts highlighted in the ICPD got dropped eventually. In spite of specific goals on maternal and child mortalities in MDGs and all the investment and policy shift, Pakistan has still one of the highest maternal mortality ratios among developing countries. Lack of synchronized efforts, sector wide approaches, inter-sectoral collaboration, and moreover, the unmet need for family planning, unsafe abortions, low literacy rate and dearth of women empowerment are the main reasons. Being a signatory of both of the international agendas (ICPD and MDGs), Pakistan needed to articulate its policies to keep the balance between the two agendas. There are, however, certainly some common grounds which have been experimented by various countries and we can learn lessons from those best practices. An inter-sectoral cooperation and sector wide approaches would be required to achieve such ambitious goals set out in ICPD-Program of Action while working towards MDGs. There is a need of increasing resource allocation, strengthening primary health care services and emergency obstetric care and motivating the human resource employed in health sector by good governance. These endeavors should lead to formulate evidence based national policies, reproductive health services which are affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable and finally a responsive health system

Considerations for informed consent in the context of online, interactive, atlas creation

Creators of cybercartographic atlases must address the ethical considerations of their work, particularly the matter of informed consent. Digital technologies add a new element to the already complex issue of research ethics and consent, since information placed on the web is readily available to anyone with Internet access. In this chapter, a historical overview of ethics and informed consent in anthropological work is provided, as is A discussion of the particular problems posed by the digitization of local and traditional knowledge in widely accessible cybercartographic atlases. Feedback from Indigenous and non-Indigenous research organizations is presented with respect to these issues, and work conducted through Carleton University's Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre is considered in the light of their feedback. Although definitive answers are not offered on some of the key challenges, methods to approach ethics and informed consent in the digital age are provided

Considerations for informed consent in the context of online, interactive, atlas creation

Creators of cybercartographic atlases must address the ethical considerations of their work, particularly the matter of informed consent. Digital technologies add a new element to the already complex issue of research ethics and consent, since information placed on the web is readily available to anyone with Internet access. In this chapter, a historical overview of ethics and informed consent in anthropological work is provided, as is a discussion of the particular problems posed by the digitization of local and traditional knowledge in widely accessible cybercartographic atlases. Feedback from Indigenous and non-Indigenous research organizations is presented with respect to these issues, and work conducted through Carleton University's Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre is considered in the light of their feedback. Although definitive answers are not offered on some of the key challenges, methods to approach ethics and informed consent in the digital age are provided