A dualistic model of primary anal canal adenocarcinoma with distinct cellular origins, etiologies, inflammatory microenvironments and mutational signatures: implications for personalised medicine.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the anal canal is a rare and aggressive gastrointestinal disease with unclear pathogenesis. Because of its rarity, no clear clinical practice guideline has been defined and a targeted therapeutic armamentarium has yet to be developed. The present article aimed at addressing this information gap by in-depth characterising the anal glandular neoplasms at the histologic, immunologic, genomic and epidemiologic levels. In this multi-institutional study, we first examined the histological features displayed by each collected tumour (n = 74) and analysed their etiological relationship with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The intratumoural immune cell subsets (CD4, CD8, Foxp3), the expression of immune checkpoints (PD-1, PD-L1), the defect in mismatch repair proteins and the mutation analysis of multiple clinically relevant genes in the gastrointestinal cancer setting were also determined. Finally, the prognostic significance of each clinicopathological variable was assessed. Phenotypic analysis revealed two region-specific subtypes of anal canal adenocarcinoma. The significant differences in the HPV status, density of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, expression of immune checkpoints and mutational profile of several targetable genes further supported the separation of these latter neoplasms into two distinct entities. Importantly, anal gland/transitional-type cancers, which poorly respond to standard treatments, displayed less mutations in downstream effectors of the EGFR signalling pathway (i.e., KRAS and NRAS) and demonstrated a significantly higher expression of the immune inhibitory ligand-receptor pair PD-1/PD-L1 compared to their counterparts arising from the colorectal mucosa. Taken together, the findings reported in the present article reveal, for the first time, that glandular neoplasms of the anal canal arise by HPV-dependent or independent pathways. These etiological differences leads to both individual immune profiles and mutational landscapes that can be targeted for therapeutic benefits

Function of the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) complex in the biogenesis of RNA/protein particles

L’amyotrophie spinale (SMA) est causée par une réduction du taux de la protéine de Survie des MotoNeurones (SMN). Cette protéine est associée aux protéines Gemin 2 à Gemin 8 et unrip pour former le complexe SMN. Bien que la protéine SMN soit présente dans tous les types cellulaires, la pathologie SMA est exclusivement liée à un défaut des motoneurones. Récemment, il a été proposé que SMN puisse avoir des fonctions spécifiques dans le transport des ARNm et dans la régulation de la traduction dans les neurones. La protéine FMRP, défective dans le syndrome de l’X fragile, joue également un rôle dans le transport de particules messagères (mRNP) et dans leur traduction. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence un lien entre le complexe SMN et la protéine FMRP dans les cellules neuronales suggérant un rôle du complexe SMN dans ces mécanismes. Les connaissances sur la composition, les interactions et les fonctions du complexe SMN ont bien avancées ces dernières années. L’idée actuelle est que le complexe SMN agirait comme un chaperon macromoléculaire des RNP en augmentant l'efficacité et la fidélité des interactions ARN-protéines et en fournissant l’opportunité à ces interactions d’être régulées. Le deuxième volet de cette étude a été d’analyser l’implication du complexe SMN dans l’assemblage de RNP différentes des UsnRNP. Le défaut spécifique des motoneurones nous a conduit à considérer le rôle du complexe SMN dans l’assemblage de RNP spécifiques à ce type cellulaire et notamment la RNP BC200. Finalement, nous nous sommes également intéressé à l’implication du complexe SMN dans l’assemblage et/ou la fonction de la particule SRP, une particule ubiquitaire.Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN protein is associated with the proteins Gemin 2 to 8 and unrip to form the SMN complex. Although the SMN protein is present in all cell types, SMA is restricted to a defect in motor neuron. SMN was recently proposed to have specific functions in mRNA transport and translation regulation in neuronal processes. The defective protein in Fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FMRP) also plays a role in transport of mRNPs and in their translation. In this study, we showed a link between the SMN complex and FMRP in neuronal cells suggesting a role for the SMN complex in these processes. Knowledges of the composition, interactions and functions of the SMN complex have advanced greatly in recent years. The emerging picture is that the SMN complex acts as a macromolecular chaperone of RNPs to increase the efficiency and fidelity of RNA–protein interactions, and to provide an opportunity for these interactions to be regulated. The second part of this study was to analyse the involvement of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of RNP different of UsnRNP. The specific defect of motor neuron led us to analyse the role of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of specific RNP to this cell types in particular the RNP BC200. Finally, we are also interested to the SMN complex involvement in the assembly and/or the function of the SRP particle, an ubiquitous particle

Rôle du complexe de Survie des MotoNeurones (SMN) dans la biogenèse des particules ARN/Protéines

L amyotrophie spinale (SMA) est causée par une réduction du taux de la protéine de Survie des MotoNeurones (SMN). Cette protéine est associée aux protéines Gemin 2 à Gemin 8 et unrip pour former le complexe SMN. Bien que la protéine SMN soit présente dans tous les types cellulaires, la pathologie SMA est exclusivement liée à un défaut des motoneurones. Récemment, il a été proposé que SMN puisse avoir des fonctions spécifiques dans le transport des ARNm et dans la régulation de la traduction dans les neurones. La protéine FMRP, défective dans le syndrome de l X fragile, joue également un rôle dans le transport de particules messagères (mRNP) et dans leur traduction. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence un lien entre le complexe SMN et la protéine FMRP dans les cellules neuronales suggérant un rôle du complexe SMN dans ces mécanismes. Les connaissances sur la composition, les interactions et les fonctions du complexe SMN ont bien avancées ces dernières années. L idée actuelle est que le complexe SMN agirait comme un chaperon macromoléculaire des RNP en augmentant l'efficacité et la fidélité des interactions ARN-protéines et en fournissant l opportunité à ces interactions d être régulées. Le deuxième volet de cette étude a été d analyser l implication du complexe SMN dans l assemblage de RNP différentes des UsnRNP. Le défaut spécifique des motoneurones nous a conduit à considérer le rôle du complexe SMN dans l assemblage de RNP spécifiques à ce type cellulaire et notamment la RNP BC200. Finalement, nous nous sommes également intéressé à l implication du complexe SMN dans l assemblage et/ou la fonction de la particule SRP, une particule ubiquitaire.Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN protein is associated with the proteins Gemin 2 to 8 and unrip to form the SMN complex. Although the SMN protein is present in all cell types, SMA is restricted to a defect in motor neuron. SMN was recently proposed to have specific functions in mRNA transport and translation regulation in neuronal processes. The defective protein in Fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FMRP) also plays a role in transport of mRNPs and in their translation. In this study, we showed a link between the SMN complex and FMRP in neuronal cells suggesting a role for the SMN complex in these processes. Knowledges of the composition, interactions and functions of the SMN complex have advanced greatly in recent years. The emerging picture is that the SMN complex acts as a macromolecular chaperone of RNPs to increase the efficiency and fidelity of RNA protein interactions, and to provide an opportunity for these interactions to be regulated. The second part of this study was to analyse the involvement of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of RNP different of UsnRNP. The specific defect of motor neuron led us to analyse the role of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of specific RNP to this cell types in particular the RNP BC200. Finally, we are also interested to the SMN complex involvement in the assembly and/or the function of the SRP particle, an ubiquitous particle.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

In vitro and in cellulo evidences for association of the survival of motor neuron complex with the fragile X mental retardation protein

International audienceSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. Although the SMN complex is essential for assembly of spliceosomal U small nuclear RNPs, it is still not understood why reduced levels of the SMN protein specifically cause motor neuron degeneration. SMN was recently proposed to have specific functions in mRNA transport and translation regulation in neuronal processes. The defective protein in Fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FMRP) also plays a role in transport of mRNPs and in their translation. Therefore, we examined possible relationships of SMN with FMRP. We observed granules containing both transiently expressed red fluorescent protein(RFP)-tagged SMN and green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged FMRP in cell bodies and processes of rat primary neurons of hypothalamus in culture. By immunoprecipitation experiments, we detected an association of FMRP with the SMN complex in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in murine motor neuron MN-1 cells. Then, by in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the SMN protein is essential for this association. We showed that the COOH-terminal region of FMRP, as well as the conserved YG box and the region encoded by exon 7 of SMN, are required for the interaction. Our findings suggest a link between the SMN complex and FMRP in neuronal cells

Implication of the SMN complex in the biogenesis and steady state level of the Signal Recognition Particle

International audienceSpinal muscular atrophy is a severe motor neuron disease caused by reduced levels of the ubiquitous Survival of MotoNeurons (SMN) protein. SMN is part of a complex that is essential for spliceosomal UsnRNP biogenesis. Signal recognition particle (SRP) is a ribonucleoprotein particle crucial for co-translational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. SRP biogenesis is a nucleo-cytoplasmic multistep process in which the protein components, except SRP54, assemble with 7S RNA in the nucleolus. Then, SRP54 is incorporated after export of the pre-particle into the cytoplasm. The assembly factors necessary for SRP biogenesis remain to be identified. Here, we show that 7S RNA binds to purified SMN complexes in vitro and that SMN complexes associate with SRP in cellular extracts. We identified the RNA determinants required. Moreover, we report a specific reduction of 7S RNA levels in the spinal cord of SMN-deficient mice, and in a Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain carrying a temperature-degron allele of SMN. Additionally, microinjected antibodies directed against SMN or Gemin2 interfere with the association of SRP54 with 7S RNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our data show that reduced levels of the SMN protein lead to defect in SRP steady-state level and describe the SMN complex as the first identified cellular factor required for SRP biogenesis

Nitrogen isotopic composition as a gauge of tumor cell anabolism-to-catabolism ratio

Studies have suggested that cancerous tissue has a lower 15N/14N ratio than benign tissue. However, human data have been inconclusive, possibly due to constraints on experimental design. Here, we used high-sensitivity nitrogen isotope methods to assess the 15N/14N ratio of human breast, lung, and kidney cancer tissue at unprecedented spatial resolution. In lung, breast, and urothelial carcinoma, 15N/14N was negatively correlated with tumor cell density. The magnitude of 15N depletion for a given tumor cell density was consistent across different types of lung cancer, ductal in situ and invasive breast carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma, suggesting similar elevations in the anabolism-to-catabolism ratio. However, tumor 15N depletion was higher in a more aggressive metaplastic breast carcinoma. These findings may indicate the ability of certain cancers to more effectively channel N towards growth. Our results support 15N/14N analysis as a potential tool for screening biopsies and assessing N metabolism in tumor cells

La QPC en actions : usages et stratégies des avocats

Cette recherche vise à mieux connaître les acteurs de la QPC (Question Prioritaire de Constitutionnalité) et l’évolution des pratiques des professionnels impliqués dans cette procédure applicable depuis 10 ans. Il s’agit de comprendre les différentes utilisations que les avocats font de la QPC et les éléments qui favorisent le recours à cette procédure ou au contraire en détournent les praticiens