Phytochimie des Extraits de Sida acuta et Evaluation de la Toxicite de l’Extrait Aqueux

Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer la toxicité de l’extrait aqueux de Sida acuta, une plante beaucoup utilisée en médecine traditionnelle par les populations ouest africaine et particulièrement ivoirienne. L’intérêt accordé à la dite étude est dû au besoin de garantir aux populations, une thérapie à base de plante sans risque de toxicité ou d’effet nocif. L’analyse de la phytochimie qualitative a été réalisée par la méthode de coloration en tubes et l’évaluation de la toxicité de l’extrait aqueux sur des souris blanches suivant la ligne Directrice 423 de l’OCDE, modifié en 2008. Les doses 300, 1000, 2000 et 5000 mg/kg de masse corporelle ont été administrées par gavage aux quatre lots expérimentaux. Seul le lot témoin a reçu de l’eau distillée. La phytochimie a révélé simultanément les stéroïdes et terpènes pour l’extrait aqueux et éthanolique 70% tandis que les alcaloïdes, polyphénols, et les flavonoïdes ont été révélés exclusivement dans l’extrait éthanolique 70%. La dose maximale de 5000 mg/kg de masse corporelle n’a enregistré aucun décès. Par conséquent, l’extrait aqueux de Sida acuta  reste sans danger à l’usage par voie orale en médecine traditionnelle.   This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the aqueous extract of Sida acuta, a plant widely used in traditional medicine by West African and particularly Ivorian populations. The interest given to the said study is due to the need to guarantee populations a plant-based therapy without risk of toxicity or harmful effects. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out by the tube staining method and the evaluation of the toxicity of the aqueous extract on white mice following OECD Guideline 423, modified in 2008. Doses 300, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight were administered by gavage to the four experimental batches. Only the control batch received distilled water. Phytochemistry simultaneously revealed steroids and terpenes for aqueous and the 70% ethanolic extract while alkaloids, polyphenols, and flavonoids were revealed exclusively in the 70% ethanolic extract. The maximum dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight recorded no deaths. Therefore, the aqueous extract of Sida acuta remains safe for oral use in traditional medicine

Antibiorésistance Des Souches d’Escherichia Coliisolées D’Agneaux Sevrés Et Evaluation In Vitro De L’Activité Du Complément Alimentaire Algo-Bio® Sur Les Souches Virulentes

Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un complément alimentaire (Algo-bio®) in vitro sur les souches d’Escherichia colirésistantes et virulentes isolées chez des agneaux sevrés. 80 souches d’Escherichia coliont été utilisées. Un antibiogramme a été réalisé sur ces souches par la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé sur Müller-Hinton. Des concentrations de 100%, 75%, 50% et 25% de l’Algo-Bio® ont été préparées dans de l’eau distillée stérile. Elles ont été introduites dans des puits réalisés sur les géloses préalablement ensemencées avec un inoculum des souches d’Escherichia coli. Une incubation a été réalisée à 37°C pendant 24 heures et les diamètres des zones d’inhibition ont été mesurés. Les antibiogrammes ont présenté des résistances relativement élevées à l’amoxicilline associé à l’acide clavulanique, la tétracycline, l’amoxicilline, et la streptomycine avec des taux respectifs de 62,5%, de 96,2%, de 77,5% et de 52,5%. Les phénotypes sauvages (22,5%), PASEHN (51,2%), RCFQ (10%) et BLSE (27,5%) ont été observés. Par ailleurs, la meilleure activité in vitro de l’Algo-bio® a été observée avec les souches sauvages avec des diamètres d’inhibition de 38,8mm, 29,2 mm et 24 mm respectivement avec les concentrations C1 (100%), C2 (50%) et C3 (25%). En ce qui concerne les souches d’Escherichia colivirulentes, la meilleure activité du complément alimentaire a été observée avec les souches EPEC aux concentration C1, C2 et C3avec des diamètres respectifs de 36mm, 29,9mm et 22 mm. L’éfficacité observée de l’Algo-bio® sur les souches d’Escherichia colipourrait faire de ce complément alimentaire un alternatif prometteur en elevage.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae -ESBL Producing Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Abidjan (Cote de Ivoire)

Aims: The objective of this study is to detect the prevalence of qnr genes in broad-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, involved in hospital and community-acquired infections. Study Design: It is a retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Bacteriology and virology laboratorie of Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Methodology: From January 2011 to June 2016, 350 Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from various clinical specimens and identified by conventional bacteriological tests. Antibiotic resistance (beta-lactams, quinolones and aminoglycosides) and detection of broad-spectrum beta-lactamases were assessed by the diffusion method and the synergy test, respectively. Molecular characterization of quinolone resistance genes (qnr A, qnr B and qnr S) was performed by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 350 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 91(26%) were detected as ESBL producer, 36.2% (n=33) recovered from urine, 24.2% (n=22) from pus and 20.8% (n=19) from blood culture respectively. 46(33%) strains were idenifed to carry qnr genes, qnrB predominate 33(71%), followed by qnr 12(26.1%) and qnrA 1(2.2%). The strains exhibited high resistance to most of the agents tested, expect imipemen, low resistance to amikacin 4.1%, moderate to cefoxitin 31.8% and 54.9% with amoxicillin-clauvanic acid. Conclusion: Although these observed prevalences are small proportions, this can be seen as a warning signal for the future. The emergence and dissemination of resistance genes in Côte d'Ivoire could pose a public health problem. Thus, the establishment of a relevant resistance surveillance policy to better control the circulation of multidrug-resistant strains is necessary

LANNEA BARTERI ENGL. (ANACARDIACEAE) PLANT USED IN THE TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IVORY COAST: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT

Objective: This research aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity and determine the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of the bark of Lannea barteri Engl. (DA) used in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infections in the Ivory Coast. Methods: The material is composed of DA, the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, isolated from the urine of patients from different hospitals and subsequently stored. The qualitative analysis was performed using color-based detection tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC) reactions and the quantification of total phenols, flavonoids, flavone aglycones and anthocyanins using the method of Folin Ciocalteu. The method of diffusion on Mueller Hinton (MH) agar medium has been used for sensitivity tests. Results: The phytochemical screening of DA has revealed the presence of polyphenols, terpenes, and derivatives, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the quantification of some polyphenols such as flavonoids, flavone aglycones, and anthocyanins was determined. The total polyphenols found was 0.757±0.003 mg/g MS representing respectively; 0.230±0.01 for flavonoids; 0.028±0.02 for flavone aglycones and 0.016±0.02 mg/g MS for anthocyanins. DA is bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, which are mainly responsible for urinary tract infections. Conclusion: The bark of Lannea barteri Engl. (DA) is rich in flavonoids, flavone aglycones, and anthocyanins which are probably responsible for its antibacterial properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. This research thereby supports the use of this plant in the treatment of urinary tract infections

Antibacterial Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) on a Few Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains to Common Antibiotics

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum leaves (EASt) on multidrug-resistant bacterial strains to common antibiotics. This plant is used in traditional medicine against diarrhoea. Solid agar diffusion and liquid dilution methods were respectively used to assess the sensitivity of bacterial strains to EASt and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Tests performed on ten (10) bacterial strains, isolated from various biological products, showed that Staphylococcus aureus 234 UB/17 and Escherichia coli 135 UB/17, were significantly sensitive to EASt, with a higher sensitivity for the latter strain. This sensitivity was shown by an inhibition of bacterial growth in solid agar and liquid medium, by a decrease in turbidity caused by EASt sensitive germs growth as the concentration of this plant extract increased (25 to 100 mg/ml). This demonstrate that EASt is an antibacterial substance. Thus, treated with EASt at a dose of 100 mg/ml, the MICs of S. aureus 234 UB/17 and E. coli 135 UB/17 were 6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively, and the MBCs were 25 and 50 mg/ml respectively. The ratio of these bactericidal parameters (MBC/MIC) equaled to four (4) for these two bacterial strains, indicating that EASt is bactericidal for these bacterial strains. The antibacterial and bactericidal properties of EASt on multiple antibiotic resistant germs could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of some bacterial infections causing diarrhoea

Beta-Lactamase-Producing Genes and Integrons in <em>Escherichia coli</em> from Diarrheal Children in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study aimed to determine the resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains to β-lactams antibiotics and to perform the molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and integrons genes. It was carried out from August 2013 to October 2015 and involved 31 DEC strains isolated from diarrheal stools samples collected from children less than 5 years. The identification and characterization of DEC strains were done through the standard biochemical tests that were confirmed using API 20E and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibiogram was realized by the disk diffusion method, then an amplification of the β-lactamase resistance genes and integrons by PCR was done. Out of the 419 E. coli, 31 isolates (7.4%) harbored the DEC virulence genes. From these DEC, 21 (67.7%) were ESBL-producing E. coli. Susceptibility to ESBL-producing E. coli showed that the majority of isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (77.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (77.4%), and piperacillin (64.5%). The following antibiotic resistance genes and integron were identified: blaTEM (6.5%), blaSHV (19.4%), blaOXA (38.7%), blaCTX-M (9.7%), Int1 (58.1%), and Int3 (19.4%). No class 2 integron (Int2) was characterized. Because of the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL organisms found, there is a need of stringent pediatric infection control measures

Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)

Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs

Virulence Factors and Resistance Profile of Shigella Isolated During Infectious Diarrhea in Abidjan, Côte D&apos;Ivoire

Abstract: The aim of the study was isolation and characterization of species of Shigella genus in the cases of diarrhea in Abidjan. Shigella species were isolated from 1566 stool samples and characterized by serotyping, antibiotyping, determination of virulence genes and plasmid profile. A total of 41 (2.6% ) strains of Shigella were isolated. S. flexneri was the most frequent serogroup (52.8 %), followed by S. boydii (22.2%), S. sonnei (19.4%) and S. dysenteriae serotype 1 (5.6%). The ipaH gene was detected in 37 (90.2%) strains and the ial gene in 19 (46.3%). The strains show a high resistance to Ampicillin and Tetracyclin (90%), to Sulphamide (85%) and to a lesser extent to Cotrimoxazole (65% ). The analysis of the plasmid profile revealed 75% of the strains harbour plasmids whose size vary from 0.5 (0.8 kb) to 10.4 MDa (16.2 kb). The plasmids of size 1.7 MDa, 2.4 MDa and 3.6 Mda are frequent and are found in several species, whereas the plasmids of more than 10 MDa are rare. The analysis of the plasmid profile and the detection of the virulence factors can serve as tools in the characterization of strains and the control of infections associated with Shigella