EFEITO TOXICOLÓGICO DE QUATRO PRODUTOS QUÍMICOS UTILIZADOS NA PROFILAXIA DE PEIXE ORNAMENTAL AMAZÔNICO

The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs used to diseases control in ornamental fish cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi). The fish were exposed to four chemicals: formalin, oxytetracycline, copper sulfate and malachite green. Four experiments were performed, distributed in a completely randomized design with seven concentrations of product test (formalin, oxytetracycline, copper sulfate and malachite green), a control and three repetitions. A static system with five fish per recipient containing 2 L of water for 96 hours was used. The estimated lethal concentration 50% (LC initial (I) 50-96h) were 67.94 mg.L-1, 3.83 mg.L-1, 1.65 mg.L-1 and 0.85 mg.L-1 to formalin, oxytetracycline, copper sulfate and malachite green, respectively. Thus the present study considered the formalin low toxicity for the cardinal tetra and the copper sulfate, oxytetracycline and malachite green are moderately toxic.Keywords: ornamental fish; fish diseases; chemotherapeutic; concentration lethal.O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a toxicidade aguda de fármacos quimioterápicos utilizados para o controle de doenças em peixes cardinais ornamentais (Paracheirodon axelrodi). Os peixes foram expostos a quatro produtos químicos: formalina, oxitetraciclina, sulfato de cobre e verde malaquita. Foram realizados quatro experimentos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado com sete concentrações do produto teste (formalina, oxitetraciclina, sulfato de cobre e verde malaquita), um controle e três repetições. Utilizou-se um sistema estático com cinco peixes por recipiente contendo 2 L de água durante 96 horas. Foram estimadas as concentrações letais 50% (LC inicial (I) 50-96h) de 67,94 mg.L-1, 3,83 mg.L-1, 1,65 mg.L-1 e 0,85 mg.L-1 para formalina, oxitetraciclina, sulfato de cobre e verde de malaquita, respectivamente. Assim, no presente estudo a formalina foi considerada de baixa toxicidade para o tetra cardinal e o sulfato de cobre, oxitetraciclina e verde malaquita são moderadamente tóxicos.Palavras-chave: Peixe ornamental, doenças de peixes, quimioterápicos, concentração letal

Enriched artemia nauplii with commercial probiotic in the larviculture of angelfish Pterophyllum scalare Lichtenstein (1823)

This study evaluated the effect of enriched artemia nauplii with commercial probiotic for angelfish larvae determining productive performance, intestinal modulation and survival. Therefore, it experiment occurred in completely randomized design with five treatments (T1- 0.0, T2- 1.5, T3- 3.0, T4- 4.5 and T5- 6.0g of commercial probiotic) and four replaces during 20 days. After larvaculture, post larvae passed by biometric procedures to determine productive performance and then microbiological analysis. Occurred reduction of total heterotrophic bacteria while increased lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract from the post larvae for treatments T3, T4 and T5. The commercial probiotic also increased the survival and performance as final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate. For these reasons, the use of 3g of commercial probiotic promotes greater performance and intestinal modulation for angelfish larvae

Análise do grau de conformidade da rotulagem de pescados comercializados no município de Castanhal-PA face à legislação vigente / Analysis of the degree of conformity of the labeling of fish marketed in the municipality of Castanhal-PA with the legislation in force

A rotulagem de alimentos tem a função de fornecer informações facilitando o poder de decisão do consumidor sobre o consumo ou não do alimento. Foram observadas rotulagens de pescados processados nos supermercados do município de Castanhal-PA. Para julgamento dos rótulos dos produtos foi aplicado um checklist baseado na Instrução Normativa nº 22 de 24 de novembro de 2005. Foram feitas duas avaliações: primeiro comparando entre os estabelecimentos contabilizando os itens obrigatórios na legislação vigente e o segundo, comparou os rótulos de oito pescados diferentes, incluído os enlatados, na qual a rotulagem possuía maior numero de informações obrigatórias. O melhor resultado foi observado no supermercado “L” com médias de 6,5 pontos de adequação a legislação, os menores valores formam atribuídos ao supermercado “I” com média de 4,45. Observou-se a ausência dos itens 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 do checklist, que correspondem a denominação do produto, a razão social e endereço, nº de registro do órgão competente, identificação do lote, cuidados na conservação e descongelo respectivamente. Foram encontrados rótulos inelegíveis ou mesmo na forma manuscrita. As informações de data de embalagem e prazo de validade estavam contidas na maioria das embalagens, com exceção do filé de piramutaba congelada, a identificação dos lotes, não estava contida nos rótulos de vários produtos, com exceção do filé de salmão e nos enlatados

Chemical Exposure Hazardous for Fish Hyphessobrycon eques through the Incorrect Release of Oil in Amazon Region

Incorrect discard of oil used by fishing ship in the brazilian north region has become a common activity. Despite the possible hazard to the aquatic organisms, still missing scientific data about their toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the stress and lethality caused by lubricant oil (FSAOLU) on fish Hyphessobrycon eques. Therefore, it was used six different concentration diluted in water (0, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32% of oil) and three replaces during 96 hours. At the end or during the experiment (with dying fish), it was collected blood samples (cutting the caudal fin) to determine physiological changes. The FSAOLU showed mean lethal dose (LD50-96h) of 27.36%, classified as toxic causing alterations in glucose values from the 26%. The greater dilution of FSAOLU (32%) increased 115% in glucose values when compared to the control. Thus, lubricant oil when discarded in water, it present hazard to the aquatic organisms causing stress and mortality for fish being necessary adequate management to discard of this residue

Parasite Fauna of Lutjanus synagris Commercialized in the Fish Market from Bragança-PA, Brazil

Studies about the parasite fauna of marine fish highlights as an important problem for public health with zoonotic parasites or affecting the fish quality. Thus, this study evaluated the parasite fauna of Lutjanus synagris commercialized in the fish market from Bragança-PA. In laboratory, 58 fish were measured, weighted and conducted to parasitological analysis to determine parasitological indexes and relative dominance. Every parasite was fixed and identified until to the lowest taxonomic level. Through the parasitological analysis, it found Cymothoidae, Digenea, Cucullanus sp. and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp., with total prevalence 67.24%. Digenea showed the highest prevalence and mean intensity values. For nematode, Cucullanus sp. obtained the greater prevalence and relative dominance, while Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. showed the greater mean intensity and abundance. Cymothoidae showed the lowest prevalence and mean intensity values. As conclusion, the parasite fauna of L. synagris has been noted with low diversity, reporting the nematode occurrence Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus)

Suplementação com arginina na dieta de tilápia-do-nilo produzida em tanques-rede

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dietary arginine concentrations on the health status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in cages. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments (2.3, 2.9, 3.5, and 4.1% arginine in dry matter) and three replicates, in 12 net cages of 8 m3, containing 4,000 sexually reverted tilapia (63±20 g, at 500 fish m-3). Fish productive performance and health were evaluated. Biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters, as well as the morphological aspects of gills and liver, were evaluated. Arginine inclusion did not cause significant differences in fish growth performance. However, arginine supplementation at 3.5% concentration improved the biochemical parameters and leucocyte counts, consequently improving the immune system. The arginine concentration of 4.1% caused lipid degeneration, shown by the increase of alanine aminotransferase and the decrease of albumin, urea, lactate, and glucose. Arginine supplementation above 2.3% and below 3.5%, in the diets of tilapia reared in cages, improves fish immune system, without adverse morphological and physiological effects.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de concentrações de arginina dietética sobre a saúde da tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus),  em tanques-rede. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (2,3, 2,9, 3,5 e 4,1% de arginina em relação à matéria seca na dieta) e três repetições, em 12 tanques-rede de 8 m3, com 4.000 tilápias revertidas sexualmente (63±20 g, 500 peixes m-3). Determinaram-se o desempenho produtivo e a saúde dos peixes. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematoimunológicos e os aspectos morfológicos das brânquias e do fígado. A inclusão de arginina não proporcionou diferenças significativas no desempenho produtivo. Porém, a suplementação de arginina a 3,5% de concentração melhorou os parâmetros bioquímicos e de contagem de leucócitos, tendo consequentemente melhorado o sistema imunológico. A concentração de arginina a 4.1% causou degeneração lipídica, representada pelo aumento dos níveis da alanina aminotransferase e  pela diminuição dos níveis de albumina, ureia, lactato e glicose. A suplementação com arginina acima de 2,3% e abaixo de 3,5%, nas dietas de tilápias criadas em tanques-rede, promove melhoras no sistema imunológico dos peixes, sem provocar efeitos morfológicos e fisiológicos deletérios

EFEITO DA TOXICIDADE AGUDA DA GASOLINA EM ALEVINOS DE ACARÁ BANDEIRA (Pterophyllum scalare)

Polycyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons, constituents of petroleum compounds, stand out by its toxic action of fossil fuels for aquatic organisms. Thus, this study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of gasoline to Pterophyllum scalare, evaluating the survival and behavior of fish changes. For this, P. scalare fingerlings (1.41 ± 0.1 cm and 0.039 ± 0.001 g) were used in a reference substance sensitivity test (KCl) and for the definitive test. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six dilutions of gasoline (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3% v/v) and a control, all with three repetitions lasting 96 hours. To determine the values of CL(I)50 the Trimmed Spearman Karber method was used and classified according to the description proposed by Cesteb.  The sensitivity determined for P. scalare fingerlings was (LC50-96h) 0.93 g.L-1, whereas the estimated 50% (LC50-96h) lethal concentration for gasoline was 0.14%, in which the dilution of 0, 3% had 100% mortality before 24 hours of exposure. Gasoline is classified as a very toxic xenobiotic, capable of changing the behavior of fingerlings, in which erratic swimming, agitation, proximity to the surface and rapid opercular beating were observed. Therefore, gasoline represents a risk to the aquatic environment resulting from the intoxication of organisms, causing behavioral changes and mortality.Keywords: Gasoline; ecotoxicity; angelfish; hydrocarbons.Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos e monocíclicos, constituintes dos compostos derivados de petróleo, são as principais substâncias químicas responsáveis pela toxicidade dos combustíveis fósseis nos organismos aquáticos. Desta forma, o presente estudo objetivou determinar a concentração letal (CL50) da gasolina em alevinos de acará bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare), avaliando-se a sobrevivência e as alterações comportamentais dos peixes. Para tanto, foram usados alevinos de P. scalare (1,41 ± 0,1 cm e 0,039 ± 0,001 g) em ensaio de sensibilidade com substância referência (KCl) e para o teste definitivo. No qual, foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis diluições de gasolina (0,05; 0,1; 0,15; 0,2; 0,25 e 0,3% v/v) e um controle, todos com três repetições com duração de 96 horas. Para determinar os valores de CL(I)50 foi utilizado o método de Trimmed Spearman Karber e classificado segundo a descrição proposta por Cesteb. A sensibilidade determinada para os alevinos de P. scalare foi de (CL50-96h) 0,93 g.L-1, já a concentração letal 50% (CL50-96h) estimada para a gasolina foi de 0,14%, ao qual a diluição de 0,3% teve mortalidade de 100% antes de 24 horas de exposição. A gasolina é classificada como um xenobiótico muito tóxico, capaz de alterar o comportamento dos alevinos, no qual foram observadas natação errática, agitação, proximidade a superfície e batimento opercular rápido. Portanto, a gasolina representa um risco ao ambiente aquático decorrente da intoxicação dos organismos, causando alterações comportamentais e a mortalidade.Palavras-chave: Gasolina, ecotoxicidade, acará bandeira, hidrocarbonetos

CARACTERÍSTICAS HEMATOLÓGICAS DO PEIXE ORNAMENTAL AMAZÔNICO SYMPHYSODON AEQUIFACIATUS SUBMETIDO A CONDIÇÕES DE CATIVEIRO

A espécie Symphysodon aequifasciatus é uma das espécies de peixe ornamental de grande importância econômica no comércio nacional e internacional, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus aspectos fisiológicos e sanitários dessa espécie em cativeiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o perfil hematológico basal do acará disco mantido em cativeiro. Para isso, 14 animais adultos selvagens foram aclimatados em condições laboratoriais semelhantes às condições ambientais. O sangue dos peixes foi retirado por punção da veia caudal para as análises eritrocitárias, trombocitárias e leucocitárias. O resultado do hemograma mostrou maior frequência de linfócitos e ausência de eosinófilos, basófilos e LG-PAS, semelhante a resultados obtidos por outras espécies da família Cichlidae descritos na literatura. Não foi observada mortalidade indicando adaptação às condições de cativeiro refletido pelo exame sanguíneo normal

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions