The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Skeletal structure of Kura bleak, Alburnus filippii (Kessler, 1877), in South Caspian Sea basin

Kura bleak, Alburnus filippii, a member of the family Cyprinidae, is found in the rivers of Aras and Sefidrud, and the Anzali lagoon of Iran. The current study was conducted to provide a detailed osteological description of this sp-ecies since there was not adequate information in this regard. In order to attain this goal, 20 specimens were collected from the Ahar Chay River by electrofishing device, and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The specimens were cleared, stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue for osteological examination and a detailed description of its skeletal structure was provided. The results showed that this species can be distinguished from other members of this genus in Iran by a combination of osteological characters, including having pointed process of the maxillae, dorsal tilting of the coronoid process, protruding of the anterior margin of the hyomandibular, fan-shaped anterior part of the basihyal, pointed end of the pre-vomer posteriorly, small fourth infraorbital and 11 pterygiophors in the dorsal fin

RESEARCH JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND HYDROBIOLOGY Investigate the Relationship Between Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Defensive Mechanisms With Resistance Against Organizational Changes from the Employees' Perspective of the Social Security Organization Branches

ABSTRACT This study has been done to investigate the relationship between defensive mechanisms with resistance against changes in social security organizations in MasjedSoleiman and Ahwaz city in the summer of 2013. The research method used was a descriptive survey. The study population consisted of all employees of studied organization who were 414 people, that according to Morgan table the sample size was estimated 220 people who were selected from the study population by the simple random sampling method. To test the hypotheses of the study Standard Questionnaire (DSQ) b

Occupational Performance Priorities of Children With Cerebral Palsy From the Parents’ Perspective

Objective Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of non-progressive disorders in a developing brain that results in motor problems and other limitations in daily living activities. The presence of motor functions in these children reduces their participation in daily activities. This is one of the important aspects of the child’s health and development, especially the child’s physical and psychological development. Participation in social activities promotes life satisfaction. Besides, family has a prominent role in identifying and supplying the child’s needs. In other words, family plays an essential role in ensuring the health and well-being of their children. Thus, provisions of growth-related health services has now changed from a child-cantered model into a family-cantered model. As a result, it is very important to understand the parents’ priorities about participation of their children in the daily activities and providing appropriate client-center services. Materials & Methods In this descriptive-analytic study, 78 children and teenagers with CP aged 3-18 years without psychiatric problems and their parents from Yazd City, Iran had participated. The samples were selected by convenience sampling method, from clients of private and public rehabilitation centers in Yazd Province. In this regard, one state and two private centers were randomly selected and the study samples were selected from the clients referred to the centers. Parents' priorities for participation of their children in activities of daily living were found through semi-structured interviews. In these interviews, we used Canadian occupational performance measure to evaluate the child's level of occupational performance and parents’ satisfaction in the three areas of self-care, productiveness, leisure from the parents’ perspective. In addition, the level of gross motor performance was evaluated based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) at five levels. In the Iranian society, the validity of Canadian occupational performance measure for each of three areas of occupational performance has been reported to be between 9.75 and 3.75 and the reliability level for the three domains reported above 0.78. The statistical analysis of data was performed in SPSS V. 16. Descriptive statistics and odds ratio were used for analyzing the data. Results the children’ Mean±SD age was 8.12±4.22 years. The first priority reported by the parents was self-care. Mobility was known as the second important priority in everyday life for children. The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between age and different motor levels (P≥0.05). Conclusion Parents reported functional priorities in similar performance aspects by all age groups and GMFCS levels in Cerebral Palsy children. The first priority was related to self-care. This reflects the desire of the parents to children’ doing self-care activities, which not only reduces care pressure, but also leads to promotion in social participation and independence in individual life. The next priority was mobility and the reason can be attributed to the fact that children with CP need mobility to manage their daily life activities

The effectiveness of handling training on stress and quality of life among mothers of children with cerebral palsy aged 4-12 years old

Introduction: It is common for parents with cerebral palsy children to expose further stress and affect all aspects of their quality of life. This study was carried out in order to determine the effectiveness of handling training program on the stress and quality of life of mothers with children with cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: This control trial study was performed with two groups of experimental (n = 29) and control (n = 25) were selected by randomized convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, SF-36 quality of life, the Resource and Stress Questionnaires. All data collected before and after three months of intervention. Statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS, version 16. Results: The mother’s mean age in control and intervention groups were 32.8 (SD = 4.9) and 35.3 (SD = 4.4) years respectively. Also, children’s mean age in control and intervention groups were 6.2 (SD = 2.1) and 7 (SD = 2.8) years. There was a significant difference in quality of life after intervention between two groups (P 0.05). Also, there was a statistically significant difference between all dimensions of stress measures in two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to these findings, handling training program reduced stress and enhanced the quality of life of mothers with children with cerebral palsy in this study. Keywords: Quality of life, Stress, Cerebral palsy, Handling training, Caregiver

Studying the Occupational Therapists Prediction Consistency of Future Manual Ability of 4-18 Years Old Cerebral Palsy’s Patients with Manual Ability Classification Sysyem (MACS)

Abstract Background: Determining the level of manual ability of children with cerebral palsy has significant role in scheduling care and providing supportive services by organizations such as the a social welfare office. Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) is responsible for this critical matter. In Mazandaran Province, the prediction of manual ability is intuitive and is done without tools. This study aimed to investigate the consistency between operational therapists prediction of future manual function of children with cerebral palsy and MACS scale. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a cross sectional trial. The study population consisted of 12 occupational therapists working in Mazandaran’s rehabilitation center under the social welfare office. Firstly, occupational therapists chose 100 children with cerebral palsy and classified their future manual ability into five levels according to their prediction. Then the researcher classified the children based on MACS scale. Finally, the amount of prediction consistency between therapists and researcher was statisticaly analyzed. Results: The weighted kappa coefficients of MACS scale were 0.671 in first level and 0.747 in fifth level that show good agreement in these two levels. This coefficient was 0.417 in third level and 0.444 in forth level that shows fair agreement. The weighted kappa coefficient was 0.358 in second level that indicates slight agreement. Conclusion: With prediction consistency between operational therapists and researcher, MACS is used as a suitable means for classifying the level of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy and predicting their needs to adaptive and auxiliary devices by occupational therapists in rehabilitation centers and social welfare offices

The effect of using the assistive devices on quality of life in mothers of children with cerebral palsy

Introduction: Functional impairments can reduce the child's participation in daily routine activities for children with cerebral palsy and lead to physical and psychological stress on caregivers. This disability can, in turn, have a negative effect on quality of life of mothers. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of assistive device on quality of life in mothers of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Materials and Methods: In this quasi experimental study, two hundreds and ninety one mothers of cerebral palsy children aged 0 to 14 residing in Tehran in 2011 were selected by convenience sampling method. Considering to the levels of gross motor function and manual ability of children with CP, assistive devices were provided for them. Then SF-36 Questionnaire was used to assess the mother`s quality of life. The severity of cerebral palsy and manual ability were assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification system and manual ability classification system respectively. Descriptive statistics and Paired -T test were used for analyzing the data. Results: The mothers’ mean age was 36.69 years (SD = 6.15). The results indicated that subjects demonstrated a significant increase from pretests to posttests in role limitations due to physical health (P = 0.001), Pain (P = 0.004), emotional well being (P < 0.001), vitality (P < 0.001) As well as the overall dimensions of mental health (P = 0.008), physical health (P = 0.006) and total quality of life (P = 0.001). However, there was no significantly difference between pre-test and post-test of other subscales (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, assistive devices can provide help and improve the quality of life of mothers with cerebral palsy children. It also would be considered as a support for these children and their families. Keywords: Assistive device, Cerebral palsy, Quality of life of mother