Correlation between geography and cytogenetic diversity in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars in Iran

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important horticultural plant with several cultivated forms planted in different regions of Iran. Due to its economic importance, studies have been carried out to illustrate the genetic diversity at the chromosomal and molecular levels in different pomegranate cultivars growing in this region. This study analyzed chromosome pairing and B-chromosomes of 21 pomegranate cultivars and tried to investigate the effects of geographical parameters like altitude and longitude as well as elevation and the mean annual rainfall on cytogenetic diversity of these taxa. An ANOVA test revealed the presence of a significant difference for chiasmata and chromosome pairing among the cultivars, indicating their genetic differences. A positive significant correlation was observed between total chiasma frequency and terminal chiasmata, intercalary chiasmata and the mean number of quadrivalents. A significant positive correlation was observed between annual rainfall and the mean number of rod bivalents, while a significant negative correlation was found for the number of ring bivalents. Altitude did not show any correlation with the cytogenetic characters studied, but showed a significant negative correlation with the number of univalents. Longitude showed significant positive correlation with the number of ring bivalents and a negative correlation with the number of univalents and intercalary chiasmata. PCA analysis showed that both geographical and cytological features contribute greatly in the diversity observed in the pomegranate cultivars. The occurrence of multipolar cells and unreduced pollen grains were observed in some of the cultivars

Correlation between geography and cytogenetic diversity in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars in Iran Correlação entre a distribuição geográfica e diversidade citogenética de cultivares de romã (Punica granatum L.) no Irã

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important horticultural plant with several cultivated forms planted in different regions of Iran. Due to its economic importance, studies have been carried out to illustrate the genetic diversity at the chromosomal and molecular levels in different pomegranate cultivars growing in this region. This study analyzed chromosome pairing and B-chromosomes of 21 pomegranate cultivars and tried to investigate the effects of geographical parameters like altitude and longitude as well as elevation and the mean annual rainfall on cytogenetic diversity of these taxa. An ANOVA test revealed the presence of a significant difference for chiasmata and chromosome pairing among the cultivars, indicating their genetic differences. A positive significant correlation was observed between total chiasma frequency and terminal chiasmata, intercalary chiasmata and the mean number of quadrivalents. A significant positive correlation was observed between annual rainfall and the mean number of rod bivalents, while a significant negative correlation was found for the number of ring bivalents. Altitude did not show any correlation with the cytogenetic characters studied, but showed a significant negative correlation with the number of univalents. Longitude showed significant positive correlation with the number of ring bivalents and a negative correlation with the number of univalents and intercalary chiasmata. PCA analysis showed that both geographical and cytological features contribute greatly in the diversity observed in the pomegranate cultivars. The occurrence of multipolar cells and unreduced pollen grains were observed in some of the cultivars.A romã (Punica granatum L.) é uma planta hortícola importante com diversas formas de cultura plantadas em diferentes regiões do Irã. Devido à sua importância econômica, alguns estudos genéticos têm sido realizados para ilustrar a diversidade genética em ambos os níveis cromossômico e molecular em diferentes cultivares de romã que crescem neste país. O presente estudo considera as análises de pareamento cromossômico e cromossomo-B em 21 cultivares de romã e tenta investigar os efeitos dos parâmetros geográficos, como altitude e longitude, bem como a elevação e a queda de chuva média anual sobre a diversidade citogenética destes cultivares. O teste ANOVA revelou a presença de uma diferença significativa para quiasmas e emparelhamento de cromossomos entre as cultivares, indicando a sua diversidade genética. A correlação positiva e significativa foi observada entre o freqüência total de quiamas de quiasmas terminais, quiasmas intercalares e o número médio de quadrivalentes. Uma correlação positiva foi observada entre a queda da chuva anual e o número médio de bivalentes haste, com correlação negativa significativa com o número de bivalentes anel. A altitude não mostrou qualquer correlação com caracteres citogenéticos estudados, enquanto a altitude apresentou correlação negativa significativa com o número de monovalentes. A longitude mostrou correlação positiva e significativa com o número de bivalentes anel e correlação negativa com o número de univalentes e chismata intercalares. A análise de PCA mostrou que tanto as características geográficas quanto citológicos podem contribuir grandemente na diversidade observada nas cultivares de romã. A ocorrência de células multipolares e grãos de pólen não reduzidos foram observados em alguns dos cultivares

A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny

The classification of the legume family proposed here addresses the long-known non-monophyly of the traditionally recognised subfamily Caesalpinioideae, by recognising six robustly supported monophyletic subfamilies. This new classification uses as its framework the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes to date, based on plastid matK gene sequences, and including near-complete sampling of genera (698 of the currently recognised 765 genera) and ca. 20% (3696) of known species. The matK gene region has been the most widely sequenced across the legumes, and in most legume lineages, this gene region is sufficiently variable to yield well-supported clades. This analysis resolves the same major clades as in other phylogenies of whole plastid and nuclear gene sets (with much sparser taxon sampling). Our analysis improves upon previous studies that have used large phylogenies of the Leguminosae for addressing evolutionary questions, because it maximises generic sampling and provides a phylogenetic tree that is based on a fully curated set of sequences that are vouchered and taxonomically validated. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the underlying data are available to browse and download, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. Here we propose a new community-endorsed classification of the family that reflects the phylogenetic structure that is consistently resolved and recognises six subfamilies in Leguminosae: a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae DC., Cercidoideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Detarioideae Burmeist., Dialioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Duparquetioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), and Papilionoideae DC. The traditionally recognised subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested within the recircum-scribed Caesalpinioideae and is referred to informally as the mimosoid clade pending a forthcoming formal tribal and/or clade-based classification of the new Caesalpinioideae. We provide a key for subfamily identification, descriptions with diagnostic charactertistics for the subfamilies, figures illustrating their floral and fruit diversity, and lists of genera by subfamily. This new classification of Leguminosae represents a consensus view of the international legume systematics community; it invokes both compromise and practicality of use.Funding for this project was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/I028122/1), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 31003A_13552), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES / Program POS CSF # 1951/13-0), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Project Sisbiota 563084/2010-3 and Project Casadinho/Procad # 5525892011-0), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB PES 0053/2011) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FAPESP; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq of Brazil, the Smithsonian Institution, the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant DEB-1352217), and the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S9) of the Ministry of the Environment of Japan, and Arizona State University

Evaluation of the Company´s Financial Performance Using Benchmarking Approach

This master thesis is concerned with financial and business performance evaluation of the company RENATEX CZ a.s. Theoretical part deals with strategic analysis, company performance measuring methods, and financial analysis indicators. The practical part first evaluates RENATEX’s business environment and then, it provides a comparison of the company with selected competitors. While still using benchmarking methods, next phase of the thesis compares operational and financial indicators, services and products in offer, their quality, and implemented business strategies. Finally, the thesis suggests various measures to improve financial and business performance of the company