Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf

Coastal and marine environments in Bahrain are characterized by a variety of habitats, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and mangroves that support some of the most endangered species such as dugongs and turtles. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered the most advocated approach for marine conservation. Several MPAs have been established in Bahrain. This study explores the ecological and legal contexts of MPAs in Bahrain and evaluates the effectiveness of these MPAs in achieving their conservation goals. Although MPAs are contributing to the protection of critical coastal and marine habitats and their associated flora and fauna, there is yet further need to strengthen efforts on conserving coastal and marine environments in Bahrain. Effectiveness of MPAs in Bahrain could be enhanced by developing management plans, implementing the necessary regulatory measures, and investing in long-term monitoring and research programs. Findings of this study could contribute to wider regional and international experience of the effectiveness of MPAs in protecting important coastal and marine environments

Towards an effective environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the industrial sector of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf

Rapid economic and industrial developments and population growth in Bahrain are associated with increases in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process has been adopted in the country to address environmental aspects within energy intensive projects such as oil and petrochemical industries. The quality of EIA reports with respect to energy conservation and gas emissions was investigated in this study. The results obtained showed that aspects of gas emissions received more attention than energy conservation. The reports reflected a good (75%) and satisfactory (25%) consideration of air quality. Considering the efficiency and energy consumption aspects, the reports were assessed as satisfactory (25%), borderline (50%) and poor (25%) quality. A framework to be used as a platform to integrate the EIA process, environmental management systems (EMS) and energy management systems (EnMS) was suggested. Enforcement of legislations to ensure efficient use of energy within the industrial sector, adopting strategic environmental assessment (SEA) practice in the country and linking it to energy planning, and encouraging industrial firms to adopt EnMS to play the role of adhering to EIA mitigation measures were recommended

Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay

The incidence of enteric viruses in treated wastewater and their potential release into the environment or use for agriculture are very critical matters in public health. In our study, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses was performed on 59 samples of influents and effluents collected from Tubli wastewater treatment plant (Water Pollution Control Center (WPCC)) and Tubli Bay, where the effluents were discharged, in Kingdom of Bahrain during two sampling periods. Four clinically essential waterborne enteric viruses were examined: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astroviruses (AV), and rotaviruses (RV) and compared to standard bacterial and bacteriophages indicators of fecal pollution. Detection rates of EV, AV, HAV, and RV in the influent samples were 100%, 75%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, while 50% of the effluent samples from Tubli WPCC contained only EV RNA. None of the tested enteric viruses could be detected in any of the samples collected directly from Tubli Bay. Effluent samples from Tubli plant did not show significant seasonal differences. Since detection of enteric viruses genome does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the infectivity of these viruses was evaluated through isolation and growth of indictor bacteria and bacteriophages. High concentration of fecal bacteriological indicators was detected in all effluents samples (100%): 3.20 × 103 cfu/mL for E. coli, 1.32 × 103 cfu/mL for Salmonella spp., and 1.92 × 103 cfu/mL for Shigella spp. E. coli and Salmonella specific bacteriophages were also detected in the effluent samples in high titers. The combined results of PCR and bacterial enumeration point to a probable public health risk via the use of these wastewaters in agriculture or their discharge into the sea. Continuous surveillance of viral and bacterial prevalence and their resistance to sewage disinfection procedures could contribute to a better control of risks associated with the recycling of effluent wastewater and its release into the environment

Long-Term Population Trends and Diversity Shifts among Shorebirds: A Predictor of Biodiversity Loss along the Arabian Gulf Coasts

Bahrain is a cluster of islands in the mid-section of the Arabian Gulf that serves as an important wintering and stop-over ground for many migratory shorebirds in the Central Asian Flyway (CAF). However, natural and anthropogenic factors have had a significant impact on these ecosystems over the last few decades. Long-term, systematic studies based on standardized survey observations are needed to understand the population dynamics and diversity changes of shorebirds in these critical sites. We systematically surveyed the shorebird population and community in Bahrain between 2010 January to 2021 December. This is the first comprehensive study from the entire Kingdom of Bahrain, and covered 13 sites over 12 years to establish the results. A total of 39 species were encountered during the study period from all 13 sites in Bahrain, of which 27 species were common and regular migrants to all the study sites; these were selected to analyze the population trend. Five species represented 77% or more of the total wintering shorebird population. All the shorebird species assessed exhibited significant declining trends over the years, and majority of them had over 1% relative abundance. Shorebirds in Bahrain were severely threatened at these sites, indicating that their population trend in the area could be crucially affected. Further conservation efforts are needed, aided by an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decline and diversity changes of shorebirds in the most stressed coastal regions of Bahrain. Further studies organized throughout the country’s coasts may aid in establishing improved conservation measures to protect the shorebirds of the CAF in Bahrain

A Regional Review of Marine and Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on the ROPME Sea Area

The Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area (RSA) in the northern Indian Ocean, which comprises the Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the northern Arabian Sea, already experiences naturally extreme environmental conditions and incorporates one of the world’s warmest seas. There is growing evidence that climate change is already affecting the environmental conditions of the RSA, in areas including sea temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and sea level, which are set to continue changing over time. The cumulative impacts of these changes on coastal and marine ecosystems and dependent societies are less well documented, but are likely to be significant, especially in the context of other human stressors. This review represents the first regional synthesis of observed and predicted climate change impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems across the ROPME Sea Area and their implications for dependent societies. Climate-driven ecological changes include loss of coral reefs due to bleaching and the decline of fish populations, while socio-economic impacts include physical impacts from sea-level rise and cyclones, risk to commercial wild capture fisheries, disruption to desalination systems and loss of tourism. The compilation of this review is aimed to support the development of targeted adaptation actions and to direct future research within the RSA.Science, Faculty ofNon UBCOceans and Fisheries, Institute for theReviewedFacultyResearcherOthe

Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 43.

1995 / 1-2. sz. 1 KIEFER FERENC: Preface 5 ANWAR, MOHAMED SAMI: The case of un- 7 BAUER, LAURIE: Is morpological productivity non-linguistic? 23 BEHRENS, LEILA: Lexical rules cross-cutting inflection and derivation 37 CECH, PETRA: Inflection/derivation in Sepecides-Romani 71 ESCHENLOHR, STEFANIE: Derivational morphology and the system of word classes in German 97 FRADIN, BERNARD: On morphological entities and the copy principle 115 KENESEI ISTVÁN: On bracketing paradoxes in Hungarian 157 KIEFER FERENC: Prefix reduplication in Hungarian 179 NIKOLAJEVIC, DRAGANA: The visual field effects on processing words in grammatical context 199 PLÉH CSABA - JUHÁSZ LEVENTE: Processing of multimorphemic words in Hungarian 215 SUGIOKA, YOKO: Regularity in inflection and derivation : rule vs. analogy in Japanese deverbal compound formation 235 SZYMANEK, BOGDAN: Parametric dimensions in morhology : on inalienable possession in English and Polish 259 ZWANENBURG, WIECHER: French adverb formation, derivation versus inflection and word structure levels 281 1995 / 3-4. sz. 301 KONTRA MIKLÓS: Guest editor's note 305 VÁRADI TAMÁS: Stylistic variation and the (bVn) variable in the Budapest Sociolinguistic Interview 307 BORBÉLY ANNA: Attitudes as a factor of language choice : a sociolinguistic investigation in a bilingual community of Romanian-Hungarians 323 LANGMAN, JULIET: The role of code-switching in achieving understanding : Chinese speakers of Hungarian 335 KONTRA MIKLÓS: English Only's Cousin : Slovak Only 357 BEREGSZÁSZI ANIKÓ: Language planning issues of Hungarian place-names in Subcarpathia 385 FENYVESI ANNA: The case of American Hungarian case : morphological change in McKeesport, PA 393 BARTHA CSILLA: Social and linguistic characteristics of immigrant language shift : the case of Hungarian in Detroit 417 BOOK REVIEWS 445 RIESE, TIMOTHY: Kassai Ilona: Kétnyelvűség és magyar nyelvhasználat = Bilingualism and Hungarian language usage 445 HETZRON, ROBERT: Vázsonyi Andrew - Kontra Miklós: Túl a Kecegárdán : Calumet-vidéki amerikai magyar szótár = Beyond castle garden : an American Hungarian dictionary of the Calumet region 447 FENYVESI ANNA: Zalabai Zsigmod: Mit ér a nyelvünk, ha magyar? = What is our language worth if it is Hungarian? 448 PECKHAM, DONALD W.: Jeffrey Harlig - Pléh Csaba: When East met West : sociolinguistics in the former socialist bloc 449 OLSSON, MAGNUS: Response to Siptár's review 45

Wastewater monitoring can anchor global disease surveillance systems

ILRI staff Ekta Patel is a member of the Global Wastewater Action Group.To inform the development of global wastewater monitoring systems, we surveyed programmes in 43 countries. Most programmes monitored predominantly urban populations. In high-income countries (HICs), composite sampling at centralised treatment plants was most common, whereas grab sampling from surface waters, open drains, and pit latrines was more typical in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Almost all programmes analysed samples in-country, with an average processing time of 2·3 days in HICs and 4·5 days in LMICs. Whereas 59% of HICs regularly monitored wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 variants, only 13% of LMICs did so. Most programmes share their wastewater data internally, with partnering organisations, but not publicly. Our findings show the richness of the existing wastewater monitoring ecosystem. With additional leadership, funding, and implementation frameworks, thousands of individual wastewater initiatives can coalesce into an integrated, sustainable network for disease surveillance—one that minimises the risk of overlooking future global health threats