Citizenship Education in Pakistan

This paper seeks to explore the context of Pakistan from the traditional vs. the modern, the religious vs. the secular and the democratic vs. the autocratic, as well as to analyze how citizenship education is currently producing three outcomes, namely moral and law abiding citizens, market-based citizens and nationalistic and Islamic citizens. A critical discourse of the Pakistan Ministry of Education curriculum, policy documents and frameworks will be drawn upon to build the case that Pakistan’s citizenship education is not producing critical thinkers who “develop their social consciousness to the extent that they become the agents of social change†and why this may be (Government of Pakistan Ministry of Education, 2007, p.14). Before exploring the citizenship education discourse a brief historical context will be provided in order to understand Pakistan

On the Utility of Parents\u27 Historical Data to Investigate the Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Data Mining-Based Framework

Objective: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is acknowledged as a challenge that influences the learning ability of adolescents and also negatively impacts their families. Autism may be caused due to environmental exposure or genetically inherited disorder, however, no definitive or universally customary reasons are known. This makes the issue fairly challenging. Material and methods: This work focuses on identifying the reasons of ASD utilizing computational methods. For this, data is collected that focuses on parental history for finding the trigged features by reviewing antenatal, perinatal, and infant hazard factors of ASD. Afterwards, ML techniques are applied on the collected instances to develop a predictive model and identify the reasons to ASD. While collecting the data, samples are obtained for ASD and non-ASD individuals both. A total of 115 features are obtained from each subject. The collected dataset has 47% samples of the subjects with ASD. Dimensionality reduction, and four feature selection methods are applied on the data to eliminate noise and least valued features. The data is verified using two clustering techniques, i.e., k-means and k-medoid. To validate the clustering results five clustering validation indices are used. Later, three classifiers, i.e. k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are trained to predict cases with ASD. The frequent items mining technique and the descriptive analysis of the clustered data are utilized to identify the factors that may cause ASD. Results: The proposed framework enables to identify the features that may contribute towards ASD. Whereas, for the classification part, SVM classifier performs better than others do with an average accuracy of 98.34% in predicting the ASD cases. Conclusion: The results identified stress as the dominant feature and environmental factors, like frequent use of canned food and plastic/steel bottles during fertilization period that may contribute towards ASD

Myostitis Ossificans Traumatica Of Lateral Pterygoid Muscle A Rare Presentation

<p>Myositis ossificans is a relatively uncommon pathological condition characterized by the formation of nonneoplastic, ectopic bone within muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is typically classified into two types: Myositis ossificansprogressiva, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and Myositis ossificans traumatica, which is caused by severe or repetitive trauma. Clinically, patients may present with pain, swelling, or limitations in movement, which can be either painful or painless. CT scans are valuable in both diagnosing and managing this condition. Surgical excision is the established treatment approach</p&gt

Diagnostic role of magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of female infertility

Abstract Background In the evaluation of female infertility, hysterosalpingography (HSG) with fluoroscopy provides limited evaluation of congenital uterine malformation and extrauterine disease. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is though commonly used, has its limitations in assessment of tubes. Addition of sonosalpingography can help assess tubal patency but may be inconclusive in cases of unilateral or bilateral obstruction and is grossly operator dependent. Recent past has seen evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate problems associated with female infertility, with unparalleled advantages of having no radiation and being less operator-dependent. The need to assess tubal patency has been addressed by increasing literature on utilization of gadolinium (Gd) in MRI and comparing it with HSG alone or a mixture of HSG and laparoscopy. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography (MRHSG) as a screening test for female infertility and to compare accuracy, positive predictive value and efficacy of MRI and MRHSG with laparoscopy. Results Fifty-four out of 63 patients had bilateral tubal patency (85.7%). Nine patients had tubal pathology (14.3%) out of which one had unilateral and eight had bilateral tubal obstruction. Endometrial cavity abnormality was found in four patients and ovarian abnormalities were detected in 28.5% patients. MRHSG has shown high sensitivity and specificity for tubal patency evaluation when compared to the true gold standard for tubal patency assessment, laparoscopic chromotubation. With laparoscopy as standard, there was 100% sensitivity and specificity for structural abnormality, myometrial abnormalities and endometrial cavity assessment in MRHSG. Conclusions In comparison with diagnostic laparoscopy, MRHSG was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for assessment of tubal patency, excellent sensitivity and specificity for the assessment of structural malformation and endometrial cavity lesions. Furthermore MRHSG was good in picking up extra-uterine diseases

Chemistry of ice: Migration of ions and gases by directional freezing of water

Redistribution of anions and cations creates an electrical imbalance in ice grown from electrolyte solutions. Movement of acidic and basic ions in cooling solutions can permanently change the pH of frozen and unfrozen parts of the system, largely. The extent of pH change associated with freezing is determined by solute concentration and the extent of cooling. In the present work, redistribution of hydrogen, hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions was studied during directional freezing in batch aqueous systems. Controlled freezing was employed vertically as well as radially in acidic and basic solutions. In each case, the ions substantially migrated along with moving freezing front. Conductometry and pH-metry were employed to monitor the moving ions. Besides, some other experiments were carried out with molecular gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and chlorine and an azeotropic mixture like water–ethanol. Findings can be used to understand possible changes that can occur in preserving materials by freezing