Discovering Herstory and Construction of Alternative Female Identities in Fawzia Afzal-Khan’s Lahore with Love: Growing Up with Girlfriends, Pakistani Style

The aim of this research is to re-explore and delineate the historical narrative of Pakistan depicted in Fawzia Afzal-Khan’s Lahore with Love from a female perspective. Consequently, the study manifests weaving of herstory to affirm the presence of a female identity in the universal discourse of Pakistani history. The aim of this research paper is manifold as it also explores the construction of alternate identities of Pakistani women in Afzal-Khan’s memoir. The researcher attains this objective by showing a holistic picture of Pakistani history by highlighting the various herstories in this text. Each female voice lends a different vantage point to reflect the female discourse of Pakistan’s past through its effect on women. Moreover, the metamorphosis in each character is traced by analyzing the herstoies which subsequently reveal the construction of an alternate female identity as a defense mechanism to survive in the phallocentric norms of the country. The significance of this research study lies in critical exploration of the memoir from a feminist gaze to accentuate the presence of women who had been silenced at the behest of socio-political ambiance and class structures. This research fills the gap in South Asian memoir writing which has not been studied under a feminist framework. The tool of this study is feminist theory with specific focus on Herstory by Robin Morgan and identity crisis for the female gender. Future researchers can explicate French feminism in Afzal-Khan’s memoir to deconstruct feminist linguistic patterns rendering an epitome of E`criture fe`minine. It is an exploratory, inductive and qualitative research with specific focus on the grounded theory pattern. It is not an inter-disciplinary research. Keywords: South Asian Memoir Writing, Herstory, Female Alternate Identities, Pakistani Women, Feminism, Pakistani Literature

The Task of the Translator: Cultural Translation or Cultural Transformation?

This paper critiques the concept of cultural translation as theorized and used in postcolonial studies. Taking contemporary Pakistani anglophone fiction as an example, the paper considers the use of the concept of cultural translation in postcolonial theory as a strategy for legitimizing and valorizing a specific kind of sensibility and literature, the ‘migrant’ and/or cosmopolitan sensibility and literature, produced almost exclusively in/for metropolitan locations and in European languages by postcolonial migrant writers. This literature, the paper argues, overturns and subverts the concept and practice of linguistic and textual translation proper as theorized in the discipline of translation studies in which the source culture of the translated text exercises a certain priority over the target or receiving culture and the key concern is about what transformations the target language and the receiving culture undergo in the practice and process of translation. In postcolonial literature, the paper contends, it is the source culture and text that are transformed to suit the expectations and literary taste of the readers in the target language and culture. In this sense then, postcolonial cultural translation actually signifies a transformation of the native culture of the postcolonial writer, a transformation that is manifested in the specific migrant and cosmopolitan sensibility represented in his or her work. To construct the theoretical framework for this discussion, the paper establishes two positions on the concept of cultural translation, one from Homi Bhabha and Robert Young, the other from Gayatri Spivak and Edward Said. In light of the contrasting views of these theorists and critics, the paper discusses the work of four Pakistani anglophone writers, two from the first generation, namely Ahmed Ali and Bapsi Sidhwa, and two from the second generation, namely Musharraf Ali Farooqi and Mohsin Hamid. The paper sees their work in relation to the concept of cultural translation and highlights their distinct position with regard to this concept