38 research outputs found

    Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

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    Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≄1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

    Effect of alirocumab on mortality after acute coronary syndromes. An analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomized clinical trial

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    Background: Previous trials of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitors demonstrated reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, but not death. We assessed the effects of alirocumab on death after index acute coronary syndrome. Methods: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) was a double-blind, randomized comparison of alirocumab or placebo in 18 924 patients who had an ACS 1 to 12 months previously and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite intensive statin therapy. Alirocumab dose was blindly titrated to target achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 25 and 50 mg/dL. We examined the effects of treatment on all-cause death and its components, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, with log-rank testing. Joint semiparametric models tested associations between nonfatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death. Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Death occurred in 334 (3.5%) and 392 (4.1%) patients, respectively, in the alirocumab and placebo groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98; P=0.03, nominal P value). This resulted from nonsignificantly fewer cardiovascular (240 [2.5%] vs 271 [2.9%]; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.15) and noncardiovascular (94 [1.0%] vs 121 [1.3%]; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.01; P=0.06) deaths with alirocumab. In a prespecified analysis of 8242 patients eligible for ≄3 years follow-up, alirocumab reduced death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients with nonfatal cardiovascular events were at increased risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths (P<0.0001 for the associations). Alirocumab reduced total nonfatal cardiovascular events (P<0.001) and thereby may have attenuated the number of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths. A post hoc analysis found that, compared to patients with lower LDL-C, patients with baseline LDL-C ≄100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) had a greater absolute risk of death and a larger mortality benefit from alirocumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; Pinteraction=0.007). In the alirocumab group, all-cause death declined wit h achieved LDL-C at 4 months of treatment, to a level of approximately 30 mg/dL (adjusted P=0.017 for linear trend). Conclusions: Alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy has the potential to reduce death after acute coronary syndrome, particularly if treatment is maintained for ≄3 years, if baseline LDL-C is ≄100 mg/dL, or if achieved LDL-C is low. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01663402

    Jugenddelinquenz im interethnischen Vergleich

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    Methodeneffekte bei der Messung selbstberichteter Delinquenz von mĂ€nnlichen Jugendlichen : Ein Vergleich zwischen schriftlicher Befragung in der Schule und mĂŒndlicher Befragung im Haushalt

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    Zur Untersuchung selbstberichteter Delinquenz von Jugendlichen wurden in den letzten Jahren immer hĂ€ufiger schriftliche Schulbefragungen durchgefĂŒhrt, wĂ€hrend haushaltsbasierte mĂŒndliche Interviews nur noch selten zum Einsatz kamen. Über die Auswirkungen dieses Methodenwechsels ist jedoch wenig bekannt. Wir berichten ĂŒber die Ergebnisse einer Methodenstudie, bei der beide Erhebungsverfahren anhand von Stichproben aus derselben Grundgesamtheit und mit demselben Erhebungsinstrument verglichen werden. Es zeigen sich zum einen erhebliche Unterschiede in den PrĂ€valenzraten der selbstberichteten Delinquenz, die bei der Schulbefragung deutlich höher lie-gen als bei der mĂŒndlichen Befragung im Haushalt. Dies interpretieren wir als Ergebnis einer höheren Ausschöpfungsrate und einer geringeren Selekti-vitĂ€t des Stichprobenverfahrens. Zum anderen zeigen sich unterschiedliche Zusammenhangsmuster der Delinquenz mit anderen Variablen, die möglicherweise auf Kontexteffekte der Befragungssituation im Klassenverband hindeuten. Weitere Methodenstudien zu diesem Problem sind erforderlich

    Auswirkungen des Erhebungsverfahrens bei Jugendbefragungen zu ‚heiklen' Themen : Schulbasierte schriftliche Befragung und haushaltsbasierte mĂŒndliche Befragung im Vergleich

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    Schriftliche Befragungen im Klassenverband sind heute in der empirischen Jugendforschung weit verbreitet, ohne dass die methodischen Aspekte dieser Erhebungsform als ausreichend untersucht gelten können. In einer Methodenstudie haben wir daher eine haushaltsbasierte mĂŒndliche Befragung und eine schulbasierte schriftliche Befragung bei identischer Grundgesamtheit und identischem Erhebungsinstrument durchgefĂŒhrt. Die Ausschöpfungsrate der schulbasierten Befragung liegt erheblich höher als die der haushaltsbasierten Befragung, und insbesondere Personen aus unteren sozialen Schichten werden besser erreicht. Am Beispiel der selbstberichteten Delinquenz ergibt der Vergleich der Befragungsergebnisse erhebliche Unterschiede sowohl in den PrĂ€valenzen als auch in den Korrelationen mit anderen Variablen. In der haushaltsbasierten Befragung liegen die PrĂ€valenzraten der selbstberichteten Delinquenz ungefĂ€hr 20 bis 50 Prozent niedriger als in der schulbasierten Befragung. WĂ€hrend wir die unterschiedlichen PrĂ€valenzraten eher mit den Selektionseffekten der Stichprobenverfahren erklĂ€ren, deuten die unterschiedlichen Korrelationsmuster möglicherweise auf Kontexteffekte der jeweiligen Erhebungssituationen hin

    Distinguishing the City, Neighbourhood and Individual Level in the Explanation of Youth Delinquency

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    Previous research on intercity differences in crime rates neglects individual determinants of youth delinquency, whereas studies focusing on neighbourhoodand individual-level explanations of youth delinquency neglect higher-level, city characteristics. This raises the question of the extent to which city characteristics can contribute to the explanation of youth delinquency, above and beyond the influence of neighbourhood and individual characteristics. To answer this question we first discuss how previous macro-level research explains city differences in crime rates, and then we test whether there is empirical evidence that youth delinquency differs not only between individuals but also between neighbourhoods and, moreover, between cities. Using data collected among 12–17-year-old adolescents from 11 Dutch cities, multilevel analyses revealed that there is a substantial amount of variance to be explained at the city level, even after controlling for composition effects and differences between surveys. In contrast with previous research studying neighbourhood influences on youth delinquency but neglecting the city level, we found very little variance at the neighbourhood level. Possible explanations and implications for future research are given by linking explanations at the different levels.
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