Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies in Organ Transplantation: Transition from Serum DSA to Intra-Graft DSA

In the field of organ transplantation, donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) have gained more popularity, as antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has been recognized as an important factor to determine allograft survival. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that appropriate control of DSA is directly linked to well-managed immunosuppression, resulting in free from AMR. First, in order to prevent and manage AMR, it is of vital importance to be familiar with updated knowledge regarding crossmatch test and DSA detection methods, including intra-graft DSA. Second, it is also crucial to understand the standard criteria to diagnose AMR. Although pathological diagnosis and serum DSA (s-DSA) detection play the central role, the recent trend seems to be detection of intra-graft DSA (g-DSA). Third, regarding organ transplantation between sensitized pairs, the acceptable outcomes are obtained owing to recent preoperative desensitization protocols: depletion/modification of B cells, apheresis for antibodies, and inhibition of reaction between DSA and HLA. Finally, we would like to discuss the treatment of AMR. Further advances in diagnosis methods and emergences of effective treatments would be expected for acceptable control of AMR. In this chapter, we will review from the basics to recent topics in order to understand DSA and AMR

Providing Advanced Explanation Capability in ITS for Object Understanding Support: Explanation Structure Model: EXSEL

本論文では，人間によって設計された電気回路などの対象の理解支援を取り上げ，ITSにおける説明による教育的支援の高度化について検討する．一般に，一つの対象はさまざまに説明することができる．その対象の理解を説明によって教育的に支援する場合，対象領域内で設定されるいくつかの支援目的に応じてさまざまな説明を使い分ける機能が，支援の高度化に重要である．このような機能を有するITSを設計・開発するためには，（1）支援目的に基づく説明の整理，（2）整理した説明を可能とする説明機能の開発，を行うことが必要である．本論文では，電気回路のように構造，振舞い，機能（目的）の三つのレベルでとらえることができる対象を題材として，対象モデルおよび視点の概念を導入し，支援目的である対象理解を定式化することによって対象に関する説明を整理する．また，整理した説明を可能とする説明機能のためのモデル，EXSEL（EXplanation Structure modEL）を提案する．EXSELは，説明の資源となる説明構造を生成するモデルであり，ITSに用いることを前提として設計されている．EXSELに対して学生の理解状態などを考慮した運用機構を付与することによって，説明による高度な教育的支援を可能とするITSを構築することができる

Student Modelling for ICAI in View of Cognitive Science : Process Driven Model Inference Method

本論文では，学生の問題解決過程および誤りに対する認知的競点からの考察に基づいて，学生モデルの記述法であるプロセスモデルと，プロセスモデルで記述された学生モデルを生成するプロセス駆動型モデル推論法を提案する．更に，生成された学生モデルを用いることによって可能となる誤りに対する指導を検討する．プロセスモデルは，学生の知識運用の過程を表現しており，これを用いることにより学生の知識運用上の誤りを表現することができる．知識自体の誤りは，運用の誤りの固定化としてとらえることができる．プロセス駆動型モデル推論法は，問題解決過程のプロセスモデルを摂動することにより，その問題の解決過程で発生する知識運用の誤りをモデル化する．知識運用の誤りの原因は，モデルの生成過程で加えられた摂動により説明できる．本学生モデルを用いることにより，知識運用の誤りに対して，運用の誤りの原因を指摘し，知識を正しく運用するように誘導する指導が可能となる．この指導は．知識自体の誤りに対しては，誤った知識の発生原因に対する指導となっている

New flavonoid chemotypes from Asplenium normale (Aspleniaceae) in Malaysia

Seven Asplenium normale individuals in Malaysia were surveyed for flavonoid com¬pounds. They were divided into two chemotypes, H- and I-types. The flavonoids were isolated by various chromatography and identified by TLC, HPLC, UV spectroscopic, LC-MS and NMR sur¬veys. Two flavone O-glycosides, apigenin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-rhamnoside (1) and apigenin 7- O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-rhamnoside-4'-O-rhamnoside (2), and two flavone C-glycosides, vicenin-2 (6) and lucenin-2 (7), were contained in one chemotype (H-type). On the other hand, two flavonol O-glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-glucosylrhamnoside (3) and kaempferol 3,4'-di-O-glycoside (4) and a flavone O-glycoside, genkwanin 4'-O-glucosyl-(1→3)-rhamnoside (5), were found from another chemotype (I-type) together with 6 and 7. In cases of Japanese Asplenium normale and related species, seven chemotypes have been reported. However, their chemotypes did not include flavonol O-glycosides and apigenin trirhamnoside. Apigenin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-rhamnoside (1) and apigenin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-rhamnoside-4'-O-rhamnoside (2) were reported in nature for the first time

Influence of petrographic textures on the shapes of impact experiment fine fragments measuring several tens of microns: Comparison with Itokawa regolith particles

In 2010, fine regolith particles on asteroid Itokawa were recovered by the Hayabusa mission. The three-dimensional microstructure of 48 Itokawa particles smaller than 120 µm was examined in previous studies. The shape distribution of Itokawa particles is distributed around the mean values of the axial ratio 2:√2:1, which is similar to laboratory impact fragments larger than several mm created in catastrophic disruptions. Thus, the Itokawa particles are considered to be impact fragments on the asteroid's surface. However, there have never been any laboratory impact experiments investigating the shapes of fine fragments smaller than 120 µm, and little is known about the relation between the shapes of fine fragments and the petrographic textures within those fragments. In this study, in order to investigate the relation between the petrographic textures and the shapes of fine fragments by impacts, the shapes of 2163 fine fragments smaller than 120 µm are examined by synchrotron radiation-based microtomography at SPring-8. Most samples are fine fragments from basalt targets, obtained in previous laboratory impact experiments by Michikami et al. (2016). Moreover, two impacts into L5 chondrite targets were carried out and the shapes of their fine fragments are examined for comparison. The results show that the shape distributions of fine fragments in basalt targets are similar regardless of impact energy per target mass (in contract to the shape distribution of relatively large fragments, which are affected by impact energy), and are similar to those in L5 chondrite targets and Itokawa regolith particles. The physical process producing these fine fragments would be due to multiple rarefaction waves in the target. Besides, the petrographic textures do not significantly affect the shapes of fine fragments in our experiments. On the other hand, according to Molaro et al. (2015), the shapes of the fragments produced by thermal fatigue by the day-night temperature cycles on the asteroid surface are influenced by the petrographic textures. Therefore, we conclude that the Itokawa particles are not the products of thermal fatigue but impact fragments on the asteroid surface

Disappearance of the spleen as a rare complication of infected pancreatic pseudocyst following acute relapsing phase of chronic pancreatitis.

Splenic involvement of an infected pseudocyst is known to be a rare complication of infected pancreatic necrosis following pancreatitis. We present herein a case of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis complicated by a major infected pseudocyst formation involving the spleen, with subsequent rupture and complete disappearance of the entire spleen. A 60-year-old Japanese man with a history of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis with a pancreatic tail pseudocyst was referred to us because of severe epigastralgia. CT revealed spontaneous rupture of the pseudocyst into the stomach and free air in the pseudocyst. The body and tail of the pancreas were disrupted due to pancreatic necrosis, and the splenic parenchyma was also partially ruptured and disrupted with large tears of the splenic surface. One month later, CT showed almost complete disruption of the splenic parenchyma. Three months later, CT showed remarkable regression of the pseudocyst and complete disappearance of the entire spleen. Although splenic involvement of pancreatic pseudocysts should be considered to be a potentially lethal complication because of hemorrhage or infection, it can possibly be treated conservatively. In the present case, complete obstruction of both the splenic artery and vein due to chronic inflammation, and spontaneous drainage into the stomach were the most probable causes for the spontaneous regression without surgical treatment. This is the first report of splenic disappearance after splenic rupture demonstrated by CT