Comparing Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nursing Support in Mothers With Newborn Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and Mothers of Healthy Neonates

Background: The experience of having neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a psychological crisis. It might cause many emotional problems for parents. Entire parental support is among the duties of the healthcare team. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the nursing support received by the mothers with Newborn Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and the mothers of other neonates admitted to the NICU.Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted in the selected hospitals in Kerman Province, Iran. In total, 62 mothers with NAS and 61 non-addicted mothers with neonates admitted to the NICU were selected through convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria were neonates under the care of parents, neonate admitted to the NICU for at least 24 hours, opiate dependence in the case group mothers, and no substance dependence in the control group mothers. The amount of nursing support for mothers having neonates with NAS was compared with that of the control mothers. The study groups were homogenized in terms of the study variables (neonate age, gender, and the duration of hospitalization). The required data were collected by the Nurse-Parent Support Tool (NPST) and analyzed in SPSS.Results: The study results revealed that among the neonates of 123 mothers, 75 (60.97%) were boys, and 58(39.02%) were girls. The majority of neonates in both groups were breastfed. The Mean±SD age of the mothers in the case and control group were 31.93±7.25 and 28.99±4.36 years, respectively. The nursing support level was desirable in both groups, and no significant difference was found in this regard (P>0.05). Furthermore, the level of nursing support in emotional, information-communication, self-esteem, and quality caregiving support dimensions was desirable in both groups.Conclusion: The obtained results revealed that nurses’ support was desirable in both groups. The prevalence of maternal addiction and the impact of this social harm on neonates who were admitted are essential. Furthermore, families having neonates with NAS need more support from the healthcare staff and nurses, in comparison with healthy parents; thus, the importance of this issue should be addressed in training and briefing courses for nurses

In vitro study of oxali-palladium effect on human hemoglobin

زمینه و هدف: داروهای بر پایه پلاتین با اتصال به هموگلوبین سبب آزاد شدن گروه هِم از هموگلوبین شده، عملکرد هموگلوبین را مختل کرده و بدین ترتیب در بیمار تحت درمان ایجاد کم خونی می کند. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی اثرات جانبی اگزالی پالادیوم به عنوان یک داروی ضد سرطان جدید سنتزی، از طریق بر هم کنش با هموگلوبین و تخریب گروه هِم می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، ساختار هموگلوبین انسانی در حضور و عدم حضور داروی اگزالی پالادیوم در شرایط آزمایشگاهی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای مطالعه تغییرات ساختاری و تخریب هِم، طیف جذبی هموگلوبین در محدوده طول موج های 200 تا 700 نانومتر بررسی گردید. همچنین جهت بررسی دقیقتر تغییرات در ساختار سه بعدی هموگلوبین و احتمال بررسی تخریب هِم، مطالعات طیف سنجی فلوئورسانس در دو دمای محیط و فیزیولوژیک انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها: اضافه کردن غلظت های مختلف داروی اگزالی پالادیوم به هموگلوبین باعث افزایش جذب در طول موج 280 نانومتر و کاهش جذب در طول موج 415 نانومتر (مربوط به پیک سورت) گردید. همچنین باعث کاهش فاحشی در شدت نشر فلوئورسانس ذاتی و افزایش شدت نشر فلوئورسانس محصولات حاصل از تخریب هِم در هموگلوبین در هر دو دمای مورد مطالعه گردید. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه که داروی اگزالی پالادیوم باعث تغییرات ساختاری و عملکردی در هموگلوبین از طریق جداسازی و تخریب گروه هِم می شود و بدین ترتیب می تواند در بیمار تحت درمان، ایجاد کم خونی نماید

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Transgenic Food and Challenges Ahead on the Base of Right to Food

In the framework of international human rights, the right to adequate food is a fundamental right of everyone to access to food which is safe and Nutrient. Risks which associated with GM food productions for consumers, has been arisen concerns of human right activists. Every state has the duty to ensure that all persons under its jurisdiction achieve at least minimum essential food which is necessary for his or her life. So that because of increasing supply of GM food in the market, and the obligation of states to ensure the supplement of healthy and safe food for members of society, the main question is about the obligation of states to ensure the balance between right to food and right to health on the base of international agreements in the field of food safety

Biomimetic 3D-printed PCL scaffold containing a high concentration carbonated-nanohydroxyapatite with immobilized-collagen for bone tissue engineering: Enhanced bioactivity and physicomechanical characteristics

A challenging approach of three-dimensional (3D)-biomimetic scaffold design for bone tissue engineering is to improve scaffold bioactivity and mechanical properties. We aimed to design and fabricate 3D-polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanocomposite scaffold containing a high concentration homogeneously distributed carbonated-nanohydroxyapatite (C-nHA)-particles in combination with immobilized-collagen to mimic real bone properties. PCL-scaffolds without/with C-nHA at 30%, 45%, and 60% (wt/wt) were 3D-printed. PCL/C-nHA60%-scaffolds were surface-modified by NaOH-treatment and collagen-immobilization. Physicomechanical and biological properties were investigated experimentally and by finite-element (FE) modeling. Scaffold surface-roughness enhanced by increasing C-nHA (1.7 - 6.1-fold), but decreased by surface-modification (0.6-fold). The contact angle decreased by increasing C-nHA (0.9 - 0.7-fold), and by surface-modification (0.5-fold). The zeta potential decreased by increasing C-nHA (3.2-9.9-fold). Average elastic modulus, compressive strength, and reaction force enhanced by increasing C-nHA and by surface-modification. FE modeling revealed that von Mises stress distribution became less homogeneous by increasing C-nHA, and by surface-modification. Maximal von Mises stress for 2% compression strain in all scaffolds did not exceed yield stress for bulk-material. 3D-printed PCL/C-nHA60% with surface-modification enhanced pre-osteoblast spreading, proliferation, collagen deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. In conclusion, a novel biomimetic 3D-printed PCL-scaffold containing a high concentration C-nHA with surface-modification was successfully fabricated. It exhibited superior physicomechanical and biological properties, making it a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering

Green synthesis, characterization, and application of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal: RSM optimization, kinetic, isothermal studies, and molecular simulation

Methylene Blue (MB) is a cationic dye causing various health problems such as asthma, heartbeat, eye and skin irritation, nausea, and distress during prolonged exposure. In this regard, the green magnetite nanoparticle was synthesized using the extract of Prosopis farcta. The synthesized Fe3O4nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The corresponding parameters, including the primary concentration of MB (5–65 mg/L), the dose of synthesized nanoparticle (0.025–0.925 g/L), solution pH (3–11), and contact time (20–60 min), were considered. Also, central composite design (CCD), as one of the response surface methodologies (RSM), was used for the related modelling and optimization. The particle size of the adsorbent was between 5 and 70 nm, and the nanoparticle has 206.75 m2/g of a specific surface, 6.1 nm of average pore size, and 0.3188 cm3/g of the total pore volume. The optimal conditions for MB removal by the nanoparticle were found to follow an initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, 0.7 g/L of the nanoparticle dose, pH = 9, and a contact time of 50 min. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Freundlich models were the best kinetic and isothermal models for MB removal by the synthesized nanoparticle. Molecular modelling was used to optimize the MB molecular configuration and compute HOMO-LUMO energies, quantum-chemical descriptors, and molecular electrostatic potential to evaluate the nature reactivity of the MB molecule