Effect of Co-Operative Learning Techniques on Students’ Academic Achievement at Secondary Level

The study was experimental in nature. The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of cooperative learning on students’ academic achievement at Secondary School level in Govt. Girls Centennial Model School Bannu. Four hundred 10th Class students of Govt. Girls Centennial Model School Bannu were the population of the study and among these 400 students, 100 students were taken as samples which were divided into two strata i.e. 50 students as control group and 50 students as an experimental group respectively. The control group students have been taught English by using traditional method while the experimental group students have been taught by using co-operative learning technique. An achievement test was used to collect data easily. Data was analyzed through Means, Std. Deviation and t-test. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the Means of performances of experimental and control groups on the achievement test for the benefits of experimental group at 0.05 levels. Keywords: Co-operative Learning, Traditional Method, 10th Class students, Academic Achievement, Control & Experimental Groups

The sexual and marital relationships of people with a learning disability

This thesis was submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor in Clinical Psychology at the University of Birmingham. This thesis explores the sexual and marital relationships of people with a learning disability across three chapters: a meta-ethnography, an empirical paper and a public dissemination report. The meta-ethnography explores how people with a learning disability experience and give meaning to intimate and sexual relationships. Using the method suggested by Noblit and Hare (1988), the meta-ethnography synthesises twenty one qualitative studies that were identified through a systematic search across three databases. The empirical paper takes the form of a multiple perspective design, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. It explores how five healthcare professionals and four mothers experience the process of deciding whether or not marriage is a suitable option for a person with a learning disability in the South-Asian community. It considers the experience of these decisions in the context of the current discourse around forced marriage in people with a learning disability. The public dissemination report provides a brief and accessible summary of the aforementioned chapters. It is aimed at audiences that may have a possible stake and interest in the findings of the research

Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Enoxacin Metal Complexes

The present work comprises the synthesis of enoxacin (Heno) complexes with various transition metals. Two types of complexes [M(eno)2(H2O)2]3H2O(M = CuII, NiII or MnII) and [M(eno)(H2O)2]Cl · 4H2O (M = FeIII) were obtained. The complexes were characterized by different physicochemical, spectroscopic, and elemental analysis. Results suggest that enoxacin interacts with the metals as a monoanionic bidentate ligand. These complexes were also tested for their antibacterial activity against eleven (11) different microorganisms, and the results were compared with the parent drug. Moreover all the metal complexes were also tested for their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species where by MnII and CuII complexes exhibited potential to mediate anti-inflammatory response

Synthesis and spectrophotometric study of omeprazole charge transfer complexes with bromothymol blue, methyl orange and picric acid

Spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole through charge transfer complex has been described using bromothymol blue, methyl orange and picric acid. Formed complexes were investigated at 400, 420 and 373 nm in the concentration ranges of 7-56, 6-48 and 10-80 µg mL-1 respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity values have been determined. The data is discussed in terms of oscillator’s strength, dipole moment, ionization potential, energy of complexes, resonance energy, association constant and Gibb’s free energy changes. Benesi-Hildebrand plots have been constructed. Applicability of method was demonstrated by determining the omeprazole in pharmaceutical formulations which showed good percent recovery values. Commonly present excipients did not interfere during analysis. Solid charge transfer complexes were synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy

Trust in government and its associations with health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic

Previous studies suggested that public trust in government is vital for implementations of social policies that rely on public's behavioural responses. This study examined associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours. Data from an international survey with representative samples (N=23,733) of 23 countries were analysed. Specification curve analysis showed that higher trust in government was significantly associated with higher adoption of health and prosocial behaviours in all reasonable specifications of multilevel linear models (median standardised β=0.173 and 0.244, P<0.001). We further used structural equation modelling to explore potential determinants of trust in government regarding pandemic control. Governments perceived as well organised, disseminating clear messages and knowledge on COVID-19, and perceived fairness were positively associated with trust in government (standardised β=0.358, 0.230, 0.055, and 0.250, P<0.01). These results highlighted the importance of trust in government in the control of COVID-19

Maternal anaemia and the risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a cohort analysis of data from the WOMAN-2 trial

Background: Worldwide, more than half a billion women of reproductive age are anaemic. Each year, about 70 000 women who give birth die from postpartum haemorrhage. Almost all deaths are in low-income or middle-income countries. We examined the association between anaemia and the risk of postpartum haemorrhage. Methods: We did a prospective cohort analysis of data from the World Maternal Antifibrinolytic-2 (WOMAN-2) trial. This trial enrols women with moderate or severe anaemia giving birth vaginally in hospitals in Pakistan, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia. Hospitals in each country where anaemia in pregnancy is common were identified from a network established during previous obstetric trials. Women who were younger than 18 years without permission provided by a guardian, had a known tranexamic acid allergy, or developed postpartum haemorrhage before the umbilical cord was cut or clamped were excluded from the study. Prebirth haemoglobin, the exposure, was measured after hospital arrival and just before giving birth. Postpartum haemorrhage, the outcome, was defined in three ways: (1) clinical postpartum haemorrhage (estimated blood loss ≥500 mL or any blood loss sufficient to compromise haemodynamic stability); (2) WHO-defined postpartum haemorrhage (estimated blood loss of at least 500 mL); and (3) calculated postpartum haemorrhage (calculated estimated blood loss of ≥1000 mL). Calculated postpartum haemorrhage was estimated from the peripartum change in haemoglobin concentration and bodyweight. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between haemoglobin and postpartum haemorrhage, adjusting for confounding factors. Findings: Of the 10 620 women recruited to the WOMAN-2 trial between Aug 24, 2019, and Nov 1, 2022, 10 561 (99·4%) had complete outcome data. 8751 (82·9%) of 10 561 women were recruited from hospitals in Pakistan, 837 (7·9%) from hospitals in Nigeria, 525 (5·0%) from hospitals in Tanzania, and 448 (4·2%) from hospitals in Zambia. The mean age was 27·1 years (SD 5·5) and mean prebirth haemoglobin was 80·7 g/L (11·8). Mean estimated blood loss was 301 mL (SD 183) for the 8791 (83·2%) women with moderate anaemia and 340 mL (288) for the 1770 (16·8%) women with severe anaemia. 742 (7·0%) women had clinical postpartum haemorrhage. The risk of clinical postpartum haemorrhage was 6·2% in women with moderate anaemia and 11·2% in women with severe anaemia. A 10 g/L reduction in prebirth haemoglobin increased the odds of clinical postpartum haemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·29 [95% CI 1·21–1·38]), WHO-defined postpartum haemorrhage (aOR 1·25 [1·16–1·36]), and calculated postpartum haemorrhage (aOR 1·23 [1·14–1·32]). 14 women died and 68 either died or had a near miss. Severe anaemia was associated with seven times higher odds of death or near miss (OR 7·25 [95% CI 4·45–11·80]) than was moderate anaemia. Interpretation: Anaemia is strongly associated with postpartum haemorrhage and the risk of death or near miss. Attention should be given to the prevention and treatment of anaemia in women of reproductive age. Funding: The WOMAN-2 trial is funded by Wellcome and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Concern with COVID-19 pandemic threat and attitudes towards immigrants: The mediating effect of the desire for tightness

Tightening social norms is thought to be adaptive for dealing with collective threat yet it may have negative consequences for increasing prejudice. The present research investigated the role of desire for cultural tightness, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, in increasing negative attitudes towards immigrants. We used participant-level data from 41 countries (N = 55,015) collected as part of the PsyCorona project, a crossnational longitudinal study on responses to COVID-19. Our predictions were tested through multilevel and SEM models, treating participants as nested within countries. Results showed that people’s concern with COVID19 threat was related to greater desire for tightness which, in turn, was linked to more negative attitudes towards immigrants. These findings were followed up with a longitudinal model (N = 2,349) which also showed that people’s heightened concern with COVID-19 in an earlier stage of the pandemic was associated with an increase in their desire for tightness and negative attitudes towards immigrants later in time. Our findings offer insight into the trade-offs that tightening social norms under collective threat has for human groups