Impact of Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination on Neuroradiological Manifestations of Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis

The authors conducted this study to identify whether bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination leads to an altered spectrum of neuroimaging findings outcome in pediatric Patients with tuberculous meningitis. This retrospective study was conducted through chart review and review of computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Patients with confirmed central nervous system tuberculosis from the year 1992 to 2005, at a large tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 108 pediatric Patients with tuberculous meningitis were included in the analysis. Of the 108 Patients, 63 (58.3%) were male and 45 (41.7%) had received bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination. There was no difference in terms of severity of clinical presentation and outcome between vaccinated and unvaccinated group. There were no significant differences in CT or MRI findings between the 2 groups except for tuberculomas on MRI, which were significantly higher in the non-bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccinated group (52.2% vs 22.7%, P = .042). Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination appears to translate into less tuberculoma formation on MRI

Knowledge and Awareness about Cervical Cancer and Its Prevention amongst Interns and Nursing Staff in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the gynecological cancers worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is imperative for at least health professionals in developing countries like Pakistan to have a sound knowledge about the disease. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention amongst health professionals in tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan.A cross-sectional, interview based survey was conducted in June, 2009. Sample of 400 was divided between the three tertiary care centers. Convenience sampling was applied as no definitive data was available regarding the number of registered interns and nurses at each center.Of all the interviews conducted, 1.8% did not know cervical cancer as a disease. Only 23.3% of the respondents were aware that cervical cancer is the most common cause of gynecological cancers and 26% knew it is second in rank in mortality. Seventy-eight percent were aware that infection is the most common cause of cervical cancer, of these 62% said that virus is the cause and 61% of the respondents knew that the virus is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Majority recognized that it is sexually transmitted but only a minority (41%) knew that it can be detected by PCR. Only 26% of the study population was aware of one or more risk factors. Thirty seven percent recognized Pap smear as a screening test. In total only 37 out of 400 respondents were aware of the HPV vaccine.This study serves to highlight that the majority of working health professionals are not adequately equipped with knowledge concerning cervical cancer. Continuing Medical Education program should be started at the hospital level along with conferences to spread knowledge about this disease

Behind the World Bank’s ringing declarations of “social accountability”: Ghana’s public financial management reform

Accountability has become integral to many African development reforms and permeated the World Bank’s (WB) policy discourses, with “social accountability” as a major plank in its development orthodoxy. Since the 2004 Word Development Report, the Bank’s leadership has been declaring its commitment to social accountability. This paper excavates what lies behind ringing declarations of commitment to social accountability in the context of Ghana’s Public Financial Management Reform Programme. Empirically, it draws on four months’ fieldwork into the accountability practices this programme brought about and an extensive analysis of WB discourses on public sector reforms and social accountability. Theoretically, the paper draws on Foucault’s governmentality and the notion of agonistic democracy central to the recent democratic accountability debate in critical accounting circles. The paper argues that WB’s social accountability crusade hinges on the neoliberal concerns of efficiency and fiscal discipline rather than creating a democratic social order, which then questions the very notion of social accountability that WB is propagating, especially its discursive and ideological “short-circuiting” of democratic processes. The paper finds that the dominant and dominating accountability forms that facilitate WB’s financial hegemony are privileged over potentially emancipatory ones. The findings highlight that as the local governments become responsible to international development agencies through the “social accountabilities” that WB is promoting they become less socially and democratically accountable to their own populace – the very place where social accountability should truly rest

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor with skeletal muscle, adrenal and cardiac metastases: An unusual occurrence

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the bowel. It most commonly arises in the stomach, followed by the small intestine, colorectum and the esophagus. It usually spreads to the liver or the peritoneum, with bone and lung metastases being infrequent. Here, we present a case report of GIST behaving in a bizarre way. The patient presented with skeletal muscle metastasis and was initially misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. On follow-up, he developed adrenal metastasis, and later, cardiac metastasis. None of the above unusual sites has previously been reported in literature to our knowledge

Cyber Security and quality education: Recent Cyber-Attacks as a Challenge to National Economic Security

<p>Right now, a large portion of the financial, business, social, and governmental activities and cooperation's of nations at all levels, including people, NGOs and government establishments, carried out on the cyberspace. As of late, numerous privately owned businesses and government Associations all throughout the planet are dealing with the issue of cyberattacks and the danger of remote correspondence innovations. Today it relies to a great extent upon the world. in some different cases, cyberattacks can have military establishment or diplomatic purposes. A portion of harms incorporate P.C infections, information splits, Data Distribution System (D.D.S), and other attack vectors. To this end, several Associations utilize numerous answers for forestall harm. brought about by digital attacks. Online protection follows ongoing data about the most recent IT information. Up until now, specialist's all throughout the planet have proposed different strategies to forestall cyberattacks or decrease the harm they cause. A portion of the techniques are in the careful stage, while others are in the review stage. The target of this review is to completely look at and audit the standard administrations introduced in the field of network safety and inspect the difficulties, shortcomings and qualities of the proposed techniques. Different sorts of new attacks by relatives are examined exhaustively. Standard security structures are examined with the set of experiences and systems of original online protection. It additionally shows arising patterns and ongoing advancements in online protection and security dangers and difficulties. The thorough audit study is relied upon to be led for Itself and online protection specialist's. will be valuable. </p&gt

Knowledge about HPV – A causative agent for Cervical Cancer.

<p>Knowledge about HPV – A causative agent for Cervical Cancer.</p

Knowledge of the respondents regarding the epidemiology and etiology of cervical cancer.

<p>Knowledge of the respondents regarding the epidemiology and etiology of cervical cancer.</p

Percentage distribution of presenting features based on the responses of study population.

<p>Percentage distribution of presenting features based on the responses of study population.</p