Association Between Residential Greenness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Background Exposure to green vegetation has been linked to positive health, but the pathophysiological processes affected by exposure to vegetation remain unclear. To study the relationship between greenness and cardiovascular disease, we examined the association between residential greenness and biomarkers of cardiovascular injury and disease risk in susceptible individuals. Methods and Results In this cross-sectional study of 408 individuals recruited from a preventive cardiology clinic, we measured biomarkers of cardiovascular injury and risk in participant blood and urine. We estimated greenness from satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index ( NDVI ) in zones with radii of 250 m and 1 km surrounding the participants' residences. We used generalized estimating equations to examine associations between greenness and cardiovascular disease biomarkers. We adjusted for residential clustering, demographic, clinical, and environmental variables. In fully adjusted models, contemporaneous NDVI within 250 m of participant residence was inversely associated with urinary levels of epinephrine (-6.9%; 95% confidence interval, -11.5, -2.0/0.1 NDVI ) and F2-isoprostane (-9.0%; 95% confidence interval, -15.1, -2.5/0.1 NDVI ). We found stronger associations between NDVI and urinary epinephrine in women, those not on β-blockers, and those who had not previously experienced a myocardial infarction. Of the 15 subtypes of circulating angiogenic cells examined, 11 were inversely associated (8.0-15.6% decrease/0.1 NDVI ), whereas 2 were positively associated (37.6-45.8% increase/0.1 NDVI ) with contemporaneous NDVI . Conclusions Independent of age, sex, race, smoking status, neighborhood deprivation, statin use, and roadway exposure, residential greenness is associated with lower levels of sympathetic activation, reduced oxidative stress, and higher angiogenic capacity

Menstrual Cycle Length in Women Ages 20-30 years in Makassar

Abstract: Menstrual cycle is a naturally occurring mechanism in a reproductive aged woman. The ability of a woman to identify the length of a menstrual cycle is important as a basis to determine the fertile period in the subsequent menstrual cycle. This research aimed to investigate the length of menstrual cycle of women in reproductive age. A regular menstrual cycle occurs in a regular pattern of length which can range from 21 to 35 days in adults. A subsequent cycle which occurs three to five days earlier or longer than the usual pattern would still be considered as normal. Meanwhile, a menstrual cycle which occurs twice in a month or once in more than two months would be considered as irregular cycle. The method implemented was an exploratory method through which menstruation periods of woman in reproductive age were recorded in three consecutive months. The research population was Biology students who are registered in academic year 2017. The participants were students who are registered in Reproduction and Animal Development subject. The data of menstrual period were collected from four study group which consists of 101 students. The result of data analysis on a total of 171 menstrual cycle showed that the average length of participants’ menstrual cycle was 30.08 days. The total of participants showed regular and irregular length of menstrual cycle was 59.41% and 42.57% respectivel

Formulation and In-Vitro evaluation of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride mucoadhesive buccal films

This contemporaneous research was aimed to formulate buccal mucoadhesive DDS to enhance bioavailability and avoid pre systemic metabolism. The mucoadhesive film was fabricated by solvent casting method with base polymer chitosan and a combination of hydrophilic polymer like PVP or Gelatin. The films were then evaluated. All the formulations were found to have optimum strength to withstand folding endurance. The films' consistent size, thickness, and weight variation were discovered. The drug content uniformity of films was exceptionally well. Given that the film's surface pH falls between 6.6 and 6.7, buccal administration is appropriate for it. The pH near to the neutral region decreases the chances of mucosal irritation. The invitro adhesion ability of the formulations were affected by the composition of chitosan and PVP or Gelatin. The lower and higher concentration of chitosan was not sufficient for invitro adhesion of films. The formulation having chitosan and hydrophilic polymers in the ratio 1:1.5 showed strong invitro adhesion. The invitro bioadhesion time of the formulations containing chitosan and gelatin or PVP was less due to poor ionization of gelatin. On increasing the concentration of hydrophilic polymers, the invitro bioadhesion time increased. The highest concentration of the polymers decreased the adhesion time. The formulation NF5 with chitosan and gelatin within the proportion of 1:1.5 exhibited drug release of 98.1% at 6 hours. The sole purpose of this work is to adhere the buccal film with the mucosa, hence formulation NF5 was selected as best formulation. Thus, current investigation's goal to develop a buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery was fulfilled. Keywords: Buccal film, Nortriptyline HCl, depression, in vitro studies, mucoadhesiv

Formation of 1-(thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydropyrazoles from simple precursors : synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and the structures of an intermediate and two products

HSY is grateful to the UGC, New Delhi, for the award of a BSR Faculty Fellowship for three years.Two new 1-(thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydropyrazoles have been synthesized from simple precursors, and characterized both spectroscopically and structurally. In addition, two intermediates in the reaction pathway have been isolated and characterized, one of them structurally. The molecules of the intermediate (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, C19H16O3 (I), are linked by a combination of C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds to form ribbons. The products (RS)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-phenythiazol-2-yl)-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole, C28H23N3O2S (II), and (RS)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[4-(4-methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole, C29H25N3O2S (III), are closely related-differing only by presence or absence of a methyl group at the arylthiazolyl substituent-and crystallize in an isomorphous setting. Both molecules contain an effectively planar dihydro-pyrazole ring, and possess an overall T-shaped structure, which is a characteristic of triaryl-substituted 4,5-dihydro-1-(thiazol-2-yl)pyrazole compounds. The crystal packing is characterized by intermolecular C-H⋯S and C-H⋯π (aryl/alkyne) interactions. A combination of two C-H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds links the product molecules into sheets.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

3-Methyl-5-(4-methyl­phen­­oxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde

In the title compound, C18H16N2O2, the phenyl and pyrazole rings subtend a dihedral angle of 22.68 (8)°. The packing of the title compound features aromatic π–π stacking and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

5-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-1-[4-(4-methyl­phen­yl)thia­zol-2-yl]-3-[4-(prop-2-yn­yl­oxy)phen­yl]-4,5-di­hydro-1H-pyrazole

In the title compound, C28H22FN3OS, four rings are almost coplanar, with the fluorophenyl ring substantially twisted. In the extended structure, aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions between the pyrazole ring and the tolyl ring link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers

Circulating angiogenic stem cells in type 2 diabetes are associated with glycemic control and endothelial dysfunction

Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) of various described phenotypes participate in the regeneration of the damaged endothelium, but the abundance of these cells is highly influenced by external cues including diabetes. It is not entirely clear which CAC populations are most reflective of endothelial function nor which are impacted by diabetes. To answer these questions, we enrolled a human cohort with variable CVD risk and determined relationships between stratified levels of CACs and indices of diabetes and vascular function. We also determined associations between CAC functional markers and diabetes and identified proangiogenic molecules which are impacted by diabetes. We found that subjects with low levels of CD34+ /AC133+ /CD31+ /CD45dim cells (CAC-3) had a significantly higher incidence of diabetes (p = 0.004), higher HbA1c levels (p = 0.049) and higher CVD risk scores. Furthermore, there was an association between low CAC-3 levels and impaired vascular function (p = 0.023). These cells from diabetics had reduced levels of CXCR4 and VEGFR2, while diabetics had higher levels of certain cytokines and pro-angiogenic molecules. These results suggest that quantitative and functional defects of CD34+ /AC133+ /CD31+ /CD45dim cells are associated with diabetes and vascular impairment and that this cell type may be a prognostic indicator of CVD and vascular dysfunction

5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole

The title compound, C29H25N3O3S, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The molecule contains a central four-ring system in which all of the rings are almost coplanar. Both the 4-methoxyphenyl ring and the prop-2-ynyloxy substituent are disordered over two equivalent conformations with occupancy ratios of 0.903 (2):0.097 (2) and 0.776 (5):0.224 (5), respectively. In the crystal, π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7327 (11) Å] between the dihydropyrazole ring and the 4-methoxyphenyl ring link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. In addition, there are weak C—H...S, C—H...N and C—H...O interactions, which link the molecules into a complex three-dimensional array

Different patterns of supra­molecular aggregation in three amides containing N-(benzo[d]thia­zol­yl) substituents

HSY is grateful to the UGC, New Delhi, for the award of a BSR Faculty Fellowship for three years.Crystal structures are reported for three amides containing N-benzo[d]thia­zole substituents. In N-(benzo[d]thia­zol-6-yl)-3-bromo­benzamide, C14H9BrN2OS, where the two ring systems are nearly parallel to one another [dihedral angle = 5.8 (2)°], the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to form ribbons of R33(19) rings, which are linked into sheets by short Br⋯Br inter­actions [3.5812 (6) Å]. N-(6-Meth­oxy­benzo[d]thia­zol-2-yl)-2-nitro­benzamide, C15H11N3O4S, crystallizes with Z′ = 2 in space group Pna21: the dihedral angles between the ring systems [46.43 (15) and 66.35 (13)°] are significantly different in the independent mol­ecules and a combination of two N—H⋯N and five C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds links the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. The mol­ecules of 5-cyclo­propyl-N-(6-meth­oxy­ben­zo[d]thia­zol-2-yl)­isoxazole-3-carboxamide, C15H13N3O3S, exhibit two forms of disorder, in the meth­oxy group and in the cyclo­propyl­isoxazole unit; symmetry-related pairs of mol­ecules are linked into dimers by pairwise N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe