Genetic regulation of bovine milk fatty acid composition: Improving the healthfulness of milk through selection

The current study was designed to identity polymorphisms in the genes involved in milk lipid biosynthesis to provide animal breeders with tools that allow selection of animals producing milk with healthier fatty acid composition. High concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in human diets are known to increase plasma cholesterol concentrations and, as a result, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the number one cause of death worldwide. Because bovine milk is one of the primary sources of SFA and individual atherogenic fatty acids such as palmitic (16:0) and myristic (14:0) in human diets the improvement of the healthfulness of milk through selection becomes one of the primary measures that has been taken with the intention of decreasing the incidence of CVD among humans. The candidate gene approach was used to address the objectives of the study. Genes involved in milk triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, fatty acid uptake into mammary gland and fatty acid transport inside the mammary epithelial cells, and transcriptional regulation of some lipogenic genes were investigated. DNA sequencing was used to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of interest. After genotyping animals on the study for the discovered SNPs, the intragenic haplotypes were reconstructed and tested for the association with milk fatty acid composition. The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases-1 and -4 (GPAT1 and GPAT4), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (AGPAT1), and phosphatidate phosphatase (LPIN1) genes from the TAG biosynthetic pathway were studied in the first set of experiments to test the associations of the polymorphisms in those genes with milk fatty acid composition. The polymorphisms in GPAT4 were associated with large differences in atherogenic index (AI), concentrations of SFA, unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), SFA/UFA, concentrations of capric (10:0), lauric (12:0), palmitic (16:0), and oleic (18:1c9) acids, CLA (18:2c9, t11), C16 and C18 desaturation indices in milk. The size of the effects of GPAT4 polymorphisms for some of the traits was numerically at least the same or larger compared with the effect of DGAT1 A232K mutation, making the polymorphisms in GPAAT4 to be a very valuable tool for the improvement of the healthfulness of milk. Other polymorphisms significantly associated with the studied traits in the first set of experiments were in GPAT1 for milk fat percentage, concentrations of short- and medium-chain SFA, and myristoleic (14:1c9) acid concentration, and in AGPAT1 for the concentrations of linoleic (18:2c9, c12) acid and other UFA. The polymorphisms in GPAT1 can be used to select for animals producing milk with higher percentage of fat and desirable concentrations of short- and medium-chain SFA. The polymorphisms in AGPAT1 can be used to select for animals producing milk with higher concentration of UFA and linoleic (18:2c9, c12) acid, in particular. In the second set of experiments, the polymorphisms in the solute carrier family 27 (SLC27A6), isoform A6 and fatty acid binding proteins-3 and -4 (FABP3 and FABP4) genes involved in fatty acid uptake into mammary gland and fatty acid transport inside the mammary epithelial cells were tested for the association with milk fatty acid composition. The haplotype effects of SLC27A6 were associated significantly with milk fat percentage, AI, the concentrations of SFA, UFA, MUFA, SFA/UFA, the concentrations of capric (10:0), lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), and palmitic (16:0) acids. The size of the haplotype effects of SLC27A6 on the studied traits was large and numerically similar to the size of allelic effects of DGAT1 A232K mutation that makes the polymorphisms in SLC27A6 as valuable as the of DGAT1 A232K mutation to select for animals producing milk with higher fat percentage and healthier fatty acid composition. The haplotype effects of FABP4 were associated significantly with the concentrations of SFA, UFA, MUFA, PUFA, SFA/UFA, the concentrations of linoleic (18:2c9, c12) acid, CLA (18:2c9, t11), and C18 desaturation index. The sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipogenesis and its proteolytic activation is controlled by SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and insulin-induced genes (Insig) that are all part of the SREBP pathway. In the third set of experiments, the significant association of the overall haplotype effect of SREBP1 with the concentrations of myristic (14:0), myristoleic (14:1c9) acids, and C14 desaturation index were detected. The overall haplotype effect of Insig1 was associated with the concentrations of PUFA and linoleic (18:2c9, c12) acid. There were no significant associations with milk fatty acid composition determined for SCAP. In conclusion, we were able to identify polymorphisms in a number of genes that were associated significantly with milk fat percentage and fatty acid composition. The information about those polymorphisms can be used to select for animals producing healthier milk

The factor Of islamic diversity in the formation of ethnic and confessional identity of the modern Turkish society and development of a culture of coexistence

The issue concerning identity and ethnic and religious affiliation in the Republic of Turkey has traditionally been considered a taboo subject. The secular era of Ataturk, the founder of Turkey, banned any expression of ethnic and religious activity. Moderate Islamic Turkey of Erdogan times is also not a supporter of activation of ethnic segments of the country, although in the terms of religion it conducts a vivid demonstration of the forces of the Sunni majority without taking into account ethnicity of Sunni residing in Turkey. However, the foreign policy changes of emphasis in the Middle East are a reflection of global processes; they require a rethinking of Islamic values and their role in the context of current realities. As a result of the sharp increasing of refugees and the release of the migration process from the control of the European Union, the Turkish Republic has acquired the status of a buffer zone for migrants, aimed at obtaining asylum in the developed EU countries. In addition, their confessional community allows integration directly into the Turkish public space itself. But, despite all the difficulties, Turkey is an example of ethnic and religious tolerance under the threat of radicalization emerged in the Middle East and has a rich historical experience of peaceful coexistence of different religions, flows and ethnicities

Use of Glucagon to Prevent and Treat Fatty Liver in Transition Dairy Cows

Because of the relationship of fatty liver to increase health problems and decreased productive and reproductive performance, scientists can improve the profitability of dairy farmers by developing nutritional and management technologies for preventing and treating fatty liver. Our research group has demonstrated that glucagon shows much promise for use in preventing and treating fatty liver in transition cows. Moreover, we have data to indicate that ultrasound technology can be used to estimate the incidence of fatty liver within a dairy herd. The development of a slow-release form of glucagon would seem necessary before adoption of our proposed glucagon technology is adopted by the dairy industry

Informing educators by examining the features of Russian-Tatar relation coverage by Tatar historians

A special place belongs to the historical thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the spiritual heritage of the Tatar people. In a short time, Tatar historians have achieved significant results in the reconstruction and study of the national past. Their successes were appreciated by Russian and European scholars and orientalists, and their unconditional leadership among other Turkic Muslims was generally recognized. The works by Sh. Mardzhani, R. Fakhrutdinov, G. Akhmarov, H. Atlasi, G. Gubaidullin are being republished today and are returned to the reader. Their work is being successfully studied, but there are no works where the formation and development of Tatar historical science at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries would be considered specifically. A systematized study of the historical thought of the Tatars during the Jadid period, the determination of the characteristics, trends, and the directions of its development remains an urgent task of modern science. This scientific article examines the features of Russian-Tatar relation coverage by Tatar historians of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, reveals the information and analytical activities of censorship and its special attention to historical writings, contains an overview of little-known sources - popular editions and publications in time-based press, dated to the centenary of The Patriotic War of 1812 and the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the authors of which, showing the commonality of the historical fate of Russians and Tatars, substantiated the thesis of "equal rights in a common Fatherland".  The obtained analytical results are very effective in increasing the level of education of educators in this field

«Muslim matter» in the mirror of public discussion (XIX - beginning of XX century)

The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the socio-political processes that have embraced the modern Islamic world, connected with the substantial politicization of the Muslim community, religious revival movements and the spread of radical currents. The paper is aimed at studying the public debate in Russia (XIX-early XX century) regarding the future of domestic Muslims. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the concept that modernization attempts in Russia had compensatory nature and were aimed at strengthening the imperial system. Based on the study of the works by the experts of the "Muslim matter”, the authors came to the conclusion that the public discussion arrived at a view that it is necessary to strengthen the spiritual and cultural assimilation of foreigners on the ways of activating both administrative and cultural methods. Reliability of the results of the study is determined by the authors' appeal to a representative sample and analysis of the works by Russian scientists and publicists, who most clearly reflected the position of their socio-political group regarding the future of the Muslim community in Russia. Along with the opinions of academic orientalists and Islamologists, the views of representatives of the scientific missionary circles, Muslim modernists, revolutionary democrats, etc. are presented. The materials of the paper can be useful for further development of scientific problems on the history of Islam and Muslim peoples, as well as the history of culture and public thought of the peoples of Russia.Keywords: history, social studies, Islamic studies, Russian empire, "Muslim matter", publicdiscussion

Obtaining alternative fuel from sweet sorghum in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. In the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation the main types of energy resources is the FCM (fuel-lubricating materials), electricity, coal and gas. Priority energy is determined depending on the orientation of the activity of the agricultural enterprise. In the cost of getting products one of the key factors is its energy intensity. Under the energy intensity means the amount of energy expended per unit of finished product. Domestic manufacturers lag behind on this indicator from their foreign colleagues. Greatly influenced by the climatic conditions of production, which affects the amount of energy expended annually becoming more expensive. In the article, the authors address a topical issue of renewable(alternative) fuels from sweet sorghum in the stems of which contains from 14 to 21 % sugar. In the Republic of Tatarstan tested and introduced varieties of sweet sorghum. On the basis of literary data and carried out their own research given a set of equipment and presents non-waste production chain of biodiesel and fuel pellets from stems of sweet sorghum

Health and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows with Mild Fatty Liver Receiving Exogenous Glucagon

The data demonstrate that mild fatty liver is associated with decreased general health and reproductive performance as evidenced by more days to first estrus and service, more days open, decreased conception, increased number of days with elevated body temperature at days 9 - 22 postpartum, and increased incidence of mastitis at days 32 – 150 postpartum. The latter two were decreased in dairy cows with mild fatty liver injected with 15 mg/d of glucagon during weeks 2 and 3 postpartum. Therefore, treatment of mild fatty liver with exogenous glucagon or better prevention of fatty liver might improve health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows, thereby preventing loss of income of dairy farmers