Strengthening of Timber Beam with Cold-Formed Steel Plates

This paper describes an experimental program which examined the flexural strengthening of timber beams (50x50x1000 mm) using cold-formed steel (CFS) plates (0.75 mm thick and 30 mm wide). A total of fifteen specimens were tested in three-point bending scheme with a span-depth ratio of 18:1. The effectiveness of the steel plates was evaluated for different strengthening lengths and number of strengthening layers. Test results showed that maximum load carrying capacity and stiffness of the strengthened beams can be improved by up to around 70% and 40%, respectively, relative to that of control unstrengthened beams. The increase in the percentage gain occurred as increasing strengthening length as well as number of the strengthening layers. Control unstrengthened beams demonstrated linear elastic behavior during the test whereas the strengthened beams tended to undergo a pseudo-ductile behavior. Along with it tensile failure in timber was still observed in the strengthened beams

Analisis keragaan panel sandwich untuk rumah pra-pabrikasi

In the last five years, several earthquakes struck several places in Indonesia and thousands of people died caused of their masonry house. Therefore, the idea of bamboo utilization in the form of structural sandwich panel components for anti-seismic pre-fabrication house is one of appropriate way out. This research describes the performance and behavior of engineered structure wooden-bamboo sandwich panel in full sized test. The wall frame being use were meranti wood, this frame attached by plywood as face and back, then 5 em bamboo cutting as core; the fastener used in this study were isocyanate resin and nails. This study carried out by experimental data of full scale structural tests on shear wall (ISO 22452). These result showed that the seismic reliability of the wall frame system made of bamboo sandwich panel was appropriate and will be useful for prefabrication houses as anti-seismic and environment friendly residential building

Analisis keragaan panel sandwich untuk rumah pra-pabrikasi

In the last five years, several earthquakes struck several places in Indonesia and thousands of people died caused of their masonry house. Therefore, the idea of bamboo utilization in the form of structural sandwich panel components for anti-seismic pre-fabrication house is one of appropriate way out. This research describes the performance and behavior of engineered structure wooden-bamboo sandwich panel in full sized test. The wall frame being use were meranti wood, this frame attached by plywood as face and back, then 5 em bamboo cutting as core; the fastener used in this study were isocyanate resin and nails. This study carried out by experimental data of full scale structural tests on shear wall (ISO 22452). These result showed that the seismic reliability of the wall frame system made of bamboo sandwich panel was appropriate and will be useful for prefabrication houses as anti-seismic and environment friendly residential building

Desain Kekuatan Sambungan Geser Tunggal Menggunakan Paku pada Lima Jenis Kayu Indonesia

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7973 (2013) adalah standar yang umum digunakan dalam penentuan konstruksi kayu di Indonesia. Dalam SNI-7973 terdapat cara penentuan nilai desain sambungan kayu secara teoritis yang saat ini masih mengadopsi nilai-nilai yang diperoleh dari National Desain Specification (NDS) (2012). NDS sendiri disusun berdasarkan sifat-sifat kayu berdaun jarum yang umum digunakan di Amerika. Nilai-nilai yang diadopsi tersebut tentunya meningkatkan resiko ketidaksesuaian jika digunakan langsung di Indonesia, hal ini karena Indonesia sebagai negara tropis memilki kayu dengan rentang berat jenis yang lebih besar dan didominasi oleh kayu berdaun lebar dengan struktur anatomi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini membandingkan nilai desain sambungan kayu yang diperoleh dari pengujian secara empiris dengan nilai desain sambungan yang dihasilkan secara teoritis berdasarkan SNI-7973 dan Eurocode 5 (EC-5) (2004). Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai desain sambungan kayu terendah diperoleh pada sambungan kayu Paraserienthes falcataria menggunakan paku 10 cm sebesar 53.66 kgf dan nilai tertinggi diperoleh pada sambungan kayu Shorea laevifolia menggunakan paku 15 cm sebesar 149.89 kgf. Penentuan nilai desain teoritis SNI-7973 menghasilkan nilai lebih rendah sebesar 13.65% sedangkan EC-5 menghasilkan nilai lebih tinggi 8.87% dibandingkan nilai yang diperoleh pada pengujian empiris

Development Of Panel Sandwich Products Made From Bamboo

Composite panel products such as sandwich panel can be used in building construction. The purpose of the first research is to find out the physical and mechanical properties of sandwich panel made from three bamboo species.The species of bamboo used were tali (Gigantochloa apus), ampel (Bambusa vulgaris) and hitam (Gigantochloa atroviolaceae). Those bamboo were used as core, whereas plywood was used as face and back. Part of core represented by pieces of bamboo which was cutting along 4 cm with three compilation patterns of bamboo, those were full circular bamboo pattern, bamboo cleave pattern and the mixed of them. Materials that used in second research were tali bamboo used as core with thickness of 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm and three synthetic adhesives (epoxy, polyurethane, isocyanate). The physical and mechanical properties tested of sandwich panel were moisture meter, density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond strength. The testing results of the panel were compared to JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The result of physical properties testing from the first research indicated that all of the density of sandwich panel met in the range required by JIS A 5908 standard. The result of mechanical properties showed that sandwich panel made from full circular bamboo pattern raced the best MOE and MOR value. Mean while the species of bamboo did not affect significantly to the mechanical properties of the sandwich panel. Result of second research showed that moisture content and density of sandwich panel has fulfilled the standard limit of JIS A 5890-2003. In mechanical characteristic testing for MOE value passed the standard limit, but MOR value of panel does not fulfill the standard of JIS A 5890-2003. It is expected by off-bonding of adhesive between bamboo and plywood. It can be concluded that combination of sandwich panel with core 3 cm and epoxy resin had the best of physical and mechanical properties.Keywords: bamboo sandwich panel, adhesives, physical properties, mechanical properties

NILAI DESAIN ACUAN SAMBUNGAN KAYU GESER GANDA DENGAN PAKU BERPELAT SISI BAJA AKIBAT BEBAN UNI-AKSIAL TEKAN MENURUT BERBAGAI ANALISIS PENDEKATAN

The purposes of this research are to know the influence of woods specific gravity and nail diameter to reference design value in double shear timber connections with steel side plates nail on four species of Indonesian commercial wood according to various approximation analysis. Analysis is done to four values and it is compared with other research that has been done. This research result from testing which have done by Ziannita (2009) referred as approach of A; result of research of Sadiyo and Sriyanto (2009) and Mansur (2009) referred as approach of B; values referring at literature referred as approach of C and compressive-joint total load divided by nail amount and factor of safety referred as approach of D (Sadiyo and Sriyanto, 2009 and Mansur, 2009). Joint done by using four species of Indonesian commercial wood which is meranti merah (Shorea leprosula), mabang (Shorea pachyphylla), kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) and bangkirai (Shorea laevifolia). Nails that applied in this research are nail with diameter of 4.1 mm length of 10 cm, nail with diameter of 5.2 mm length of 12.5 cm and nail with diameter of 5.5 mm length of 15 cm. The calculation of this research is done according to National Design Specification for Wood Construction-2005. Analysis results indicate that wood specific gravity influence the strength of connection, excelsior wood specific gravity will produce high strength of connection also. This can be influenced by mechanical properties from wood such as maximum crushing strength. Bangkirai have higher specific gravity than three others wood but result approach of D shows that the connections assess reference design value which is lower compared with two other woods (kempas and mabang wood). Then, the bigger on nail diameter brings bigger strength of connection also, but this thing depends on the conditions from nail and quality of nail materials. Key words: compression loading, double shear connections, nail, reference design value, steel side plates

Ciri Bilah Bambu dan Buluh Utuh pada Bambu Tali dan Bambu Ampel

Bamboo is a natural resource that can be used as a basic commodity to substitute wood. To determine the use of a basic commodity, it is needed to study the basic characteristic of bamboo, in terms of anatomy, physical, and mechanical properties. Some studies of this topic, especially for engineering purpose, have been done, but the most of them used sample experiment in the form of bamboo culm. Therefore, it is necessary to find out whether experiments using bamboo strip are equivalent with the value of bamboo culm. This study used tali and ampel bamboos. The anatomy observation followed the Manual of Anatomy Practical Work and Wood Identification by Pandit (1991) and Nuryatin (2000), tests were based on Nuryatin’s study (2000). Sample tests for mechanical properties were based on ASTM D 143-94 and modification of ISO 22157-1:2004. The results showed that physical properties of internode of tali bamboo were inferior than that of the node, in contrary to ampel bamboo, which was better than that of the node. For all mechanical properties, internodes of tali and ampel bamboos were better than that of the node. The modulus of elasticity of the bamboo culm was lower 110% than that of the bamboo strip and the modulus of rupture of the bamboo culm was lower 230% than that of the bamboo strip. On the other side, τTk// of the bamboo culm was 15% higher than that of the bamboo strip

Ciri Bilah Bambu dan Buluh Utuh pada Bambu Tali dan Bambu Ampel

Bamboo is a natural resource that can be used as a basic commodity to substitute wood. To determine the use of a basic commodity, it is needed to study the basic characteristic of bamboo, in terms of anatomy, physical, and mechanical properties. Some studies of this topic, especially for engineering purpose, have been done, but the most of them used sample experiment in the form of bamboo culm. Therefore, it is necessary to find out whether experiments using bamboo strip are equivalent with the value of bamboo culm. This study used tali and ampel bamboos. The anatomy observation followed the Manual of Anatomy Practical Work and Wood Identification by Pandit (1991) and Nuryatin (2000), tests were based on Nuryatin’s study (2000). Sample tests for mechanical properties were based on ASTM D 143-94 and modification of ISO 22157-1:2004. The results showed that physical properties of internode of tali bamboo were inferior than that of the node, in contrary to ampel bamboo, which was better than that of the node. For all mechanical properties, internodes of tali and ampel bamboos were better than that of the node. The modulus of elasticity of the bamboo culm was lower 110% than that of the bamboo strip and the modulus of rupture of the bamboo culm was lower 230% than that of the bamboo strip. On the other side, τTk// of the bamboo culm was 15% higher than that of the bamboo strip

Development Of Panel Sandwich Products Made From Bamboo

Composite panel products such as sandwich panel can be used in building construction. The purpose of the first research is to find out the physical and mechanical properties of sandwich panel made from three bamboo species.The species of bamboo used were tali (Gigantochloa apus), ampel (Bambusa vulgaris) and hitam (Gigantochloa atroviolaceae). Those bamboo were used as core, whereas plywood was used as face and back. Part of core represented by pieces of bamboo which was cutting along 4 cm with three compilation patterns of bamboo, those were full circular bamboo pattern, bamboo cleave pattern and the mixed of them. Materials that used in second research were tali bamboo used as core with thickness of 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm and three synthetic adhesives (epoxy, polyurethane, isocyanate). The physical and mechanical properties tested of sandwich panel were moisture meter, density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond strength. The testing results of the panel were compared to JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The result of physical properties testing from the first research indicated that all of the density of sandwich panel met in the range required by JIS A 5908 standard. The result of mechanical properties showed that sandwich panel made from full circular bamboo pattern raced the best MOE and MOR value. Mean while the species of bamboo did not affect significantly to the mechanical properties of the sandwich panel. Result of second research showed that moisture content and density of sandwich panel has fulfilled the standard limit of JIS A 5890-2003. In mechanical characteristic testing for MOE value passed the standard limit, but MOR value of panel does not fulfill the standard of JIS A 5890-2003. It is expected by off-bonding of adhesive between bamboo and plywood. It can be concluded that combination of sandwich panel with core 3 cm and epoxy resin had the best of physical and mechanical properties.Keywords: bamboo sandwich panel, adhesives, physical properties, mechanical properties