866 research outputs found

    Transduction of chemical into electrical energy.

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    Do plants require nutrients in similar proportions?

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    Within the field of plant nutrition, specific nutritional requirements in plants are under constant scrutiny. In the predominant paradigm, it is held as a commonly accepted fact that different plant species have considerably different nutrient requirements, concerning the mutual proportions between the nutrients. However, the ruling paradigm shows signs of incoherence and give several examples of inconsistencies, sometimes even outright contradictions. As a result of profound research over the last four decades an elaborate contending theory have emerged. Its central hypothesis states that all terrestrial plants have the same basic nutritional requirements, concerning the mutual proportions between the nutrients, due to the same basic physiology. Foundational literature representing the predominant paradigm were surveyed. Likewise was the published materials from the research leading up to the challenging hypothesis. The issue were primarily compared through the medium of hydroponic production of soilless culture, due to the systems quantifiable properties. The results indicates that the validity of the predominant paradigm is questionable. Particularly in the light of the contending hypothesis, which stands strong under the lens of scrutiny. It were concluded that it is valid to question the legitimacy of the predominant paradigm, and that it is sensible to further investigate the challenging hypothesis

    Minimized nutrient leaching through fertilizer management

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    Nutrient leaching causing surface- and groundwater pollution and eutrophication is one of the main environmental problems of modern society. Plant production is among the quantitatively most important sources of nutrient leaching, particularly of nitrogen and phosphorus, which stands in focus in remediating these problems. One of the most important measures to be taken is to apply fertilizers in a correct way to meet the needs of the plants while preventing any nutrients to leach. The rather unnoticed theory and method of the demand-driven fertilization strategy, which means to supply the plant with nutrients according to its momentary demand, was compared with representative fertilization strategies commonly used in current commercial plant production. Then the demand-driven driven strategy was compared with three other strategies in a pot experiment: (1) a linear nutrient supply on a daily basis, (2) an approximately linear nutrient supply added twice a week, and (3) a onetime application with all the fertilizers added in the beginning. Uptake and leaching of N and P was measured for all treatments. The results clearly showed that the demand-driven strategy leached the least and had the highest uptake in relation to the added amount of N and P, and that the onetime application leached the most. It was concluded that the demand-driven strategy had highest potential in amending nutrient leaching, and that further studies most likely would be fruitful.Behovsanpassad gödsling som ger höga skördar utan att belasta miljön Behovsanpassad gödsling I ett kĂ€rlförsök jĂ€mförde jag en unik och förvĂ„nansvĂ€rt ouppmĂ€rksammad gödslingsmetod kallad behovsanpassad gödsling, som utvecklades vid SLU för ett antal decennier sedan, med traditionell gödsling. Hur olika gödslingsmetoder inverkar pĂ„ miljön Jag jĂ€mförde fyra olika metoder att förse vĂ€xter med vĂ€xtnĂ€ring och mĂ€tte bĂ„de vĂ€xternas nĂ€ringsupptag och nĂ€ringslĂ€ckage vid flera tillfĂ€llen under tillvĂ€xtperioden. De fyra metoderna var: (1) all vĂ€xtnĂ€ring tillsattes i en giva handelsgödsel nĂ€r odlingen pĂ„börjades, (2) vĂ€xtnĂ€ring tillsattes med bevattningsvattnet i lika stora smĂ„portioner 2 gĂ„nger per vecka igenom hela försöket, (3) vĂ€xtnĂ€ring tillsattes med bevattningsvattnet i lika stora smĂ„portioner dagligen igenom hela försöket, och (4) vĂ€xtnĂ€ring tillsattes pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som i (3) med skillnaden att mĂ€ngden vĂ€xtnĂ€ring varierade med vĂ€xtens behov, s.k. behovsanpassad gödsling. Solrosplantor i krukor odlades och mĂ€ngden vĂ€xtnĂ€ring i vĂ€xterna och i lakvattnet som samlades upp under krukorna analyserades kontinuerligt. Resultaten var entydiga; behovsanpassad gödsling ledde till högst upptag av tillsatt vĂ€xtnĂ€ring och minimerade nĂ€ringslĂ€ckage. Alla former av nĂ€ringstillförsel via bevattning kan förebygga nĂ€ringslĂ€ckage jĂ€mfört med gödsling i fast form. Det som visade sig vara mest optimalt var att fördela gödselgivan under hela vĂ€xtsĂ€songen efter vĂ€xtens behov tillsammans med bevattningen, och minst optimalt var att ge en stor giva handelsgödsel vid ett enda tillfĂ€lle vid pĂ„börjat odlingstillfĂ€lle. En mycket positiv aspekt Ă€r att behovsanpassad gödsling med bevattning dessutom ger lika höga, eller högre skördar, Ă€n de andra metoderna. För en professionell odlare mĂ„ste det finnas en möjlighet att installera en bevattningsanlĂ€ggning och att det Ă€r lönsamt för odlaren att investera i ett sĂ„dant system. För hobbyodlaren Ă€r det enklare. Han kan tillföra vĂ€xtnĂ€ringen efter behov nĂ€r han vattnar. Olika miljöproblem till följd av att gödsling inte Ă€r optimal Övergödning av vĂ„ra vatten, sĂ„vĂ€l sjöar som hav, Ă€r ett stort problem pĂ„ mĂ„nga platser. Detta pĂ„verkar frĂ€mst floran och faunan i vĂ„ra vatten pĂ„ ett negativt sĂ€tt, men Ă€ven samhĂ€llets dricksvattenkvalitet, giftiga algblomningar pĂ„ badplatser och kan Ă€ven utgöra en en större belastning av bĂ„de reningsverk och vattenverk. Övergödning och försĂ€mrad vattenkvalitet beror till stor del pĂ„ nĂ€ringslĂ€ckage, dvs vĂ€xtnĂ€ring som inte kommer vĂ€xterna till godo, utan som istĂ€llet via grundvattnet hamnar i vattendrag och slutligen i sjöar och hav. För att förhindra dessa problem Ă€r det viktigt att pĂ„ alla sĂ€tt optimera vĂ€xttnĂ€ringstillförseln och pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt minimera nĂ€ringslĂ€ckaget. Det innebĂ€r att anvĂ€nda den gödslingsmetod som möjliggör att vĂ€xterna tillgodogör sig den tillförda nĂ€ringen i sĂ„ hög grad som möjligt Ă€r en mycket anglĂ€gen uppgift. Behovsanpassad gödsling har stora förutsĂ€ttningar att bidra med just detta. Om man i ett odlingssammanhang anvĂ€nder bevattning, kan behovsanpassad gödsling minska nĂ€ringslĂ€ckaget pĂ„tagligt. Eftersom metoden dessutom pĂ„visat goda skörderesultat finns det ett ekonomiskt motiv för producenter att tillĂ€mpa den. En ytterligare positiv effekt med metoden Ă€r att den krĂ€ver mindre mĂ€ngd gödsel per producerad mĂ€ngd skörd, vilket Ă€r en ekonomisk fördel för odlare och för hushĂ„llningen med Ă€ndliga resurser. Slutligen, nĂ€r metoden togs fram, upptĂ€cktes det att landlevande vĂ€xter har ganska likartat behov vad gĂ€ller sammansĂ€ttningen av gödselmedel. Detta gör att metoden Ă€r relevant för de flesta odlare, och kan tillĂ€mpas pĂ„ olika befintliga gödslingsmetoder

    Regional distribution of some enzymes involved with putative neurotransmitters in the human visual system

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    Levels of protein and activity of several enzymes were determined in different portions of the visual system of the human brain. The enzymes studied were total cholinesterase (TChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), pseudocholinesterase (ChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and N-methyltransferase (NMT). Brains of 17 patients were obtained at autopsy. The specimens were divided into 3 groups. One group consisted of the brains of subjects who were mentally normal prior to death. The second group of subjects had been diagnosed as chronic schizophrenics and the third had an organic brain syndrome. Each group included males and females. Subjects with an organic brain syndrome were significantly older than subjects in either of the other two groups. There were no significant differences in protein among the 3 groups for most of the visual areas. All enzyme activity was expressed per g of protein. TChE, AChE, and ChE activity varied markedly within the visual system, being usually lowest in the optic nerve and highest in the superior colliculus. There were no significant differences in TChE or AChE among the diagnostic groups. Unexpectedly, ChE was elevated in some brain areas in the chronic schizophrenic group. This finding needs further confirmation in a drug free group. ChAc did not differ significantly among the 3 diagnostic groups and, in general, was low throughout the visual system but highest in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate. MAO activity was not significantly different among the 3 patient groups. Its activity in the gray matter was only slightly higher than in the white matter of the visual system. NMT activity was extremely low (about 0.1% the activity of the other enzymes) throughout all areas studied and did not differ significantly between areas or diagnostic groups.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33831/1/0000088.pd
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