INDUSTRIAL SAFETY IN THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBER

Russian industry of synthetic rubber, is one of the most competitive and occupies a prominent place in the global petrochemical industry. However, the company production of synthetic rubber are among the most hazardous industrial facilities. The main operational risks are to fire and explosion hazards of raw materials used. Accidents in such establishments can damage not only the equipment, materials or buildings, but also cause serious environmental and economic consequences for the region. For the prevention of accidents, mitigation and elimination of losses, it is necessary to apply a set of measures aimed at the management and control of industrial safety. The legal basis of industrial safety in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law № 116-FZ dated 21.07.97 "On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities." Industrial Safety at work an important part of its normal functioning. The most important condition of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities is the examination of industrial safety. Federal rules and regulations in the field of industrial safety "rules of examination of industrial safety", approved by Order of RTN on November 14, 2013 N 538 established: the procedure of examination of industrial safety requirements for the design of expert opinions and requirements for experts

PROVIDING INDUSTRIAL SAFETY IN THE DESIGN OF CHEMICAL FACILITIES

Designing of chemical destination requires developers’ particular, careful approach, as malfunctions are dangerous for the whole area in which the facility is located. Efficient and uninterrupted operation of a chemical entity assumes certain tasks, and at the design stage, and during the construction, reconstruction, repair, and maintenance. When designing a crucial question: placing equipment in the technological scheme (nature and the order and connection of separate devices); determine the input parameters of raw materials; establishment of technological parameters of the system; determine the structural characteristics of the devices of the system; selection of process parameters in devices that affect the speed of the process, output and product quality. The main document containing the requirements of industrial safety, chemical and other dangerous objects is the Federal Law of July 21, 1997 № 116-FZ "On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities", as amended on December 31, 2014. It defines and regulates the framework for ensuring the safe operation of hazardous production facilities. The most important part in the development and design of hazardous chemicals is the examination of industrial safety, which is held on the basis of the principles of independence, objectivity, comprehensiveness and completeness of the research carried out by using modern science and technology. Design of chemical facilities is a complex, multifactorial and time-consuming process, which should be regarded as a series of socio-organizational and engineering stages. It is a systematic approach to solving design problems and control of all stages of the life cycle of chemical facilities will provide a high level of safe operation of industrial facilities

Metabolic Activity Determines Efficacy of Macroautophagic Clearance of Pathological Oligomeric α-Synuclein

Macroautophagy is an essential degradative pathway that can be induced to clear aggregated proteins, such as those found in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, a form of Parkinsonism. This study found that both LC3-II and beclin were significantly increased in brains from humans with Dementia with Lewy bodies and transgenic mice overexpressing mutant α-synuclein, as compared with respective controls, suggesting that macroautophagy is induced to remove α-syn, particularly oligomeric or mutant forms. Aged mutant animals had higher autophagy biomarker levels relative to younger animals, suggesting that with aging, autophagy is less efficient and requires more stimulation to achieve the same outcome. Disruption of autophagy by RNA interference significantly increased α-syn oligomer accumulation in vitro, confirming the significance of autophagy in α-syn clearance. Finally, rotenone-induced α-syn aggregates were cleared following rapamycin stimulation of autophagy. Chronic rotenone exposure and commensurate reduction of metabolic activity limited the efficacy of rapamycin to promote autophagy, suggesting that cellular metabolism is critical for determining autophagic activity. Cumulatively, these findings support the concept that neuronal autophagy is essential for protein homeostasis and, in our system, reduction of autophagy increased the accumulation of potentially pathogenic α-synuclein oligomers. Aging and metabolic state were identified as important determinants of autophagic activity. This study provides therapeutic and pathological implications for both synucleinopathy and Parkinson’s disease, identifying conditions in which autophagy may be insufficient to degrade α-syn aggregates

iPS cells in the study of PD molecular pathogenesis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and its pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. The majority of PD cases are sporadic but a number of genes are associated with familial PD. Sporadic and familial PD have many molecular and cellular features in common, suggesting some shared pathogenic mechanisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been derived from patients harboring a range of different mutations of PD-associated genes. PD patient-derived iPSCs have been differentiated into relevant cell types, in particular dopaminergic neurons and used as a model to study PD. In this review, we describe how iPSCs have been used to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. We describe what cellular and molecular phenotypes have been observed in neurons derived from iPSCs harboring known PD-associated mutations and what common pathways may be involved