On the Concept of “Complexity” in Radiation Physics

Abstract: The concept of “complexity” is considered in relation to radiation processes in condensed matter. It is shown that a combination of such properties as nanoscale, fractality, low dimension, chirality, and hierarchy in combination with high nonequilibrium create conditions for the manifestation of unusual “emergent” radiation effects (radiation synergetics, great dose reduction of threshold radiation effects, etc.). Examples of radiation effects in living and inanimate systems, interpreted within the framework of the concept of “complexity”, are presented. An overview of both previously obtained and new results is presented. © 2022, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.Russian Foundation for Basic Research, РФФИ: 21-12-00392This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 21-12-00392

The June 2016 Optical and Gamma-Ray Outburst and Optical Micro-Variability of the Blazar 3C454.3

The quasar 3C454.3 underwent a uniquely-structured multi-frequency outburst in June 2016. The blazar was observed in the optical $R$ band by several ground-based telescopes in photometric and polarimetric modes, at $\gamma$-ray frequencies by the \emph{Fermi}\ Large Area Telescope, and at 43 GHz with the Very Long Baseline Array. The maximum flux density was observed on 2016 June 24 at both optical and $\gamma$-ray frequencies, reaching $S^\mathrm{max}_\mathrm{opt}=18.91\pm0.08$ mJy and $S_\gamma^\mathrm{max} =22.20\pm0.18\times10^{-6}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, respectively. The June 2016 outburst possessed a precipitous decay at both $\gamma$-ray and optical frequencies, with the source decreasing in flux density by a factor of 4 over a 24-hour period in $R$ band. Intraday variability was observed throughout the outburst, with flux density changes between 1 and 5 mJy over the course of a night. The precipitous decay featured statistically significant quasi-periodic micro-variability oscillations with an amplitude of $\sim 2$-$3\%$ about the mean trend and a characteristic period of 36 minutes. The optical degree of polarization jumped from $\sim3\%$ to nearly 20\% during the outburst, while the position angle varied by \sim120\degr. A knot was ejected from the 43 GHz core on 2016 Feb 25, moving at an apparent speed $v_\mathrm{app}=20.3c\pm0.8c$. From the observed minimum timescale of variability $\tau_\mathrm{opt}^\mathrm{min}\approx2$ hr and derived Doppler factor $\delta=22.6$, we find a size of the emission region $r\lesssim2.6\times10^{15}$ cm. If the quasi-periodic micro-variability oscillations are caused by periodic variations of the Doppler factor of emission from a turbulent vortex, we derive a rotational speed of the vortex $\sim0.2c$.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, accepted to the Astrophysical Journal 2019 March

Состояние оксидантно-антиоксидантного равновесия при тяжелой черепно-мозговой травме

Objective: to study the time course of changes in oxidative status parameters and their relationship with inflammation mediators in the acute period of severe brain injury (SBI). Subjects and methods. One hundred and thirteen patients aged 17—67 years were examined. The injury was closed and open in 54 (47.8%) and 59 (52.2%) patients, respectively. Severe brain contusions were observed in 47 patients, diffuse axonal lesions were seen in 2, and intracranial hematomas were present in 64 patients. The Glasgow coma scores for admission consciousness loss were 6.8±0.25. A control group comprised 23 healthy individuals. The significance of differences was estimated by Student’s test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, test, Spearman’s correlation test. Venous blood samples were used to study total oxidative activity (TOA) and total antioxidative activity (TAA), diene conjugates, lactic acid, albumin, transferrin (TF), ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein, and lactoferrin (LF) were measured in venous blood on disease days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21. The profile of plasma cytokines (IL-1j8, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-а, and IFN-y) was studied by flow fluorometry on a Cytomics FC 500 cytofluorometer (Beckman Counlter, USA) (reagents were from Bender Medsystems, Austria). Results. In SBI, there was an increase in oxidants, a reduction in antioxidant activity, and lipid peroxidation activation, which were closely related. The oxidation coefficient (TOA/TAA) was 40 times greater than the normal values on days 7 to 10. The oxidation parameters were found to be associated with inflammation and cytokine-mediated immunological reactions. The time course of changes in the study proteins was characteristic for systemic inflammation and there was an association with oxidative processes only for ceruloplasm. TF was found to have an association with IL-5 and IL-10, which reflects its involvement in immunological reactions. The association with hypoxia was established for IL-6 and LF. Ihe elevation or LF was directly caused by the neutrophil activating factor IL-8. Conclusion. Oxidative stress is an important factor in impairing hemostasis in SBI. The processes of oxidation and antioxidation are associated with inflammation and cytokine-mediated immunological reactions. Key words: severe brain injury, oxidative stress, cytokines, acute inflammation phase proteins.Цель исследования — изучить динамику показателей оксидативного статуса и их связи с медиаторами воспаления в остром периоде тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы (ТЧМТ). Материалы и методы. Обследовано 113 больных в возрасте 17—67 лет. У 54 (47,8%) больных травма была закрытой и у 59 (52,2%) открытой. Ушибы головного мозга тяжелой степени отмечены у 47 больных, диффузные аксональные повреждения — у 2, внутричерепные гематомы — у 64 больных. Степень утраты сознания по шкале ком Глазго — 6,8±0,25 баллов. Контрольную группу (КГ) составили 23 здоровых человека. Достоверность различий оценивали по критериям Стьюдента, Вилкоксона-Манна-Уитни, коэффициенту корреляции Спирмана. В венозной крови на 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21-е сутки заболевания определяли общую окислительную (ООА) и общую антиокислительную активность (ОАА), диеновые конъюгаты (ДК), молочную кислоту (МК), альбумин, трансферрин, церулоплазмин, С-реактивный протеин, лактоферрин. Исследовали профиль цитоки-нов плазмы крови (IL-1/8, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, ^-12р70, TNFa, IFNy) методом проточной флюориметрии на цитофлуориметре «Cytomics FC 500» фирмы «Beckman Coulter» (США) (реагенты фирмы «Bender Medsystems»-, Австрия). Результаты. При ТЧМТ выявлено увеличение оксидантов, снижение антиоксидантной активности и активация перекисного окисления липидов, имевшие тесную сопряженность между собой. Коэффициент оксидации (ООА/ОАА) превышал нормальные значения с 7 по 10-е сутки более чем в 40 раз. Установлена связь показателей оксидации с воспалением и цитокин-опосредованными реакциями иммунной системы. Динамика изменения изученных белков была характерной для системного воспаления, а связь с оксидативными процессами установлена только для церулоплазмина. Выявлена сопряженность ТФ с IL-5 и с IL-10, которая отражает его участие в иммунологических реакциях. Связь с гипоксией выявлена для IL-6 и лактоферрина (ЛФ). Повышение ЛФ было прямо опосредовано фактором активации нейтрофилов IL-8. Заключение. Значимым фактором в нарушении гомеостаза при тяжелой черепно-мозговой травме является окислительный стресс. Процессы оксидации и антиоксидации сопряжены с воспалением и цитокин-опосредуемыми иммунологическими реакциями. Ключевые слова: тяжёлая черепно-мозговая травма, оксидативный стресс, цитокины, белки острой фазы воспаления

Genome Haploidisation with Chromosome 7 Retention in Oncocytic Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Contains fulltext : 108012.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Recurrent non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC) is a rare disease. We initially characterized 27 recurrent NMTC: 13 papillary thyroid cancers (PTC), 10 oncocytic follicular carcinomas (FTC-OV), and 4 non-oncocytic follicular carcinomas (FTC). A validation cohort composed of benign and malignant (both recurrent and non-recurrent) thyroid tumours was subsequently analysed (n = 20). METHODS: Data from genome-wide SNP arrays and flow cytometry were combined to determine the chromosomal dosage (allelic state) in these tumours, including mutation analysis of components of PIK3CA/AKT and MAPK pathways. RESULTS: All FTC-OVs showed a very distinct pattern of genomic alterations. Ten out of 10 FTC-OV cases showed near-haploidisation with or without subsequent genome endoreduplication. Near-haploidisation was seen in 5/10 as extensive chromosome-wide monosomy (allelic state [A]) with near-haploid DNA indices and retention of especially chromosome 7 (seen as a heterozygous allelic state [AB]). In the remaining 5/10 chromosomal allelic states AA with near diploid DNA indices were seen with allelic state AABB of chromosome 7, suggesting endoreduplication after preceding haploidisation. The latter was supported by the presence of both near-haploid and endoreduplicated tumour fractions in some of the cases. Results were confirmed using FISH analysis. Relatively to FTC-OV limited numbers of genomic alterations were identified in other types of recurrent NMTC studied, except for chromosome 22q which showed alterations in 6 of 13 PTCs. Only two HRAS, but no mutations of EGFR or BRAF were found in FTC-OV. The validation cohort showed two additional tumours with the distinct pattern of genomic alterations (both with oncocytic features and recurrent). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that recurrent FTC-OV is frequently characterised by genome-wide DNA haploidisation, heterozygous retention of chromosome 7, and endoreduplication of a near-haploid genome. Whether normal gene dosage on especially chromosome 7 (containing EGFR, BRAF, cMET) is crucial for FTC-OV tumour survival is an important topic for future research. MICROARRAYS: Data are made available at GEO (GSE31828)

Global microRNA expression profiles in insulin target tissues in a spontaneous rat model of type 2 diabetes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: MicroRNAs regulate a broad range of biological mechanisms. To investigate the relationship between microRNA expression and type 2 diabetes, we compared global microRNA expression in insulin target tissues from three inbred rat strains that differ in diabetes susceptibility. METHODS: Using microarrays, we measured the expression of 283 microRNAs in adipose, liver and muscle tissue from hyperglycaemic (Goto-Kakizaki), intermediate glycaemic (Wistar Kyoto) and normoglycaemic (Brown Norway) rats (n = 5 for each strain). Expression was compared across strains and validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, microRNA expression variation in adipose tissue was investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to hyperglycaemic conditions. RESULTS: We found 29 significantly differentiated microRNAs (p(adjusted) < 0.05): nine in adipose tissue, 18 in liver and two in muscle. Of these, five microRNAs had expression patterns that correlated with the strain-specific glycaemic phenotype. MiR-222 (p(adjusted) = 0.0005) and miR-27a (p(adjusted) = 0.006) were upregulated in adipose tissue; miR-195 (p(adjusted) = 0.006) and miR-103 (p(adjusted) = 0.04) were upregulated in liver; and miR-10b (p(adjusted) = 0.004) was downregulated in muscle. Exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to increased glucose concentration upregulated the expression of miR-222 (p = 0.008), miR-27a (p = 0.02) and the previously reported miR-29a (p = 0.02). Predicted target genes of these differentially expressed microRNAs are involved in pathways relevant to type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: The expression patterns of miR-222, miR-27a, miR-195, miR-103 and miR-10b varied with hyperglycaemia, suggesting a role for these microRNAs in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, as modelled by the Gyoto-Kakizaki rat. We observed similar patterns of expression of miR-222, miR-27a and miR-29a in adipocytes as a response to increased glucose levels, which supports our hypothesis that altered expression of microRNAs accompanies primary events related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

Сывороточные маркеры апоптоза при травматическом и ишемическом повреждении головного мозга

Objective: to study the time course of changes and relationship of the serum indicators of apoptotic processes in neurore-suscitation patients. Subjects and methods. Thirty-eight neuroresuscitation patients, including 14 patients with severe brain injury (SBI) (mean age 41.4±4.3 years) and 24 patients with strokes (mean age 53.8±2.5 years), were examined. The group of patients with strokes was divided into 2 subroups: 1) 11 patients with ischemic strokes (IS) and 2) 13 with hemorrhagic strokes (HS). The Glasgow coma scores for admission consciousness loss were 7.6±0.8 in the SBI group and 9.5±0.7 in the stroke group; mortality was 28.6 and 37.5%, respectively. A control group included 16 subjects (mean age 47.9±3.8 years). The investigators measured the serum levels of FAS antigen and its ligand (sAPO-I/FAS and sFAS-L), cas-pase-1/ICE, sCD40 (Bender MedSystem, Austria) and hTRAIL (Biosource, Belgium) by solid-phase immunoassay in neuroresuscitation patients on days 1, 7, and 14 of the acute period of diseases. They used statistical methods, such as Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results. A reduction in hTRAIL was observed in all the groups. There was a decrease in serum sCD40 in strokes on days 1 to 14 and in SBI on days 7 to 14. An increase in caspase 1/ICE was seen in HS in the first 24 hours, in IS on days 1 to 7, and in SBI on days 1 to 14. The most pronounced rise in caspase-1/ICE was induced by ischemic brain lesion within the first week of disease. A prolonged increase up to 2 weeks was noted in SBI. No rise in serum FAS-L was found in the examinees. The time course of changes in sAPO-I/FAS was different in all the groups. The most marked, moderate, and none reductions were revealed in HS, IS, and SBI, respectively. There was a pronounced serum sAPO-I/FAS increase in SBI within the first 24 hours. Assessment of correlations between the serum indicators of apoptosis revealed that there were differences in the association between the indices under study in all the patient groups and in the control group. Conclusion. There are general features and differences in the time course of changes in serum apoptotic markers and their association in the acute period of SBI, IS, and HS. Key words: severe brain injury, stroke, apoptosis, APO-I/FAS, FAS-L, caspase-1/ICE, CD40, hTRAIL.Цель исследования : изучить динамику и взаимосвязь сывороточных показателей апоптотических процессов у нейро-реанимационных больных. Материал и методы. Обследовано 38 нейрореанимационных больных, 14 больных с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой (ТЧМТ), средний возраст 41,4±4,3 лет и 24 больных инсультами, средний возраст 53,8±2,5 года. Группа больных с инсультами была разделена на 2 подгруппы: с ишемическими — 11 человек (группа ИИ), и геморрагическими инсультами — 13 пациентов (группа ГИ). При поступлении степень утраты сознания по шкале ком Глазго в группе ТЧМТ составила 7,6±0,8 баллов, в группе с инсультами — 9,5±0,7 баллов, летальность — 28,6 и 37,5%, соответственно. Контрольную группу (КГ) составили 16 человек, средний возраст — 47,9±3,8 лет. На 1, 7, 14-е сутки острого периода заболеваний нейрореанимационным больным определяли уровни сывороточных FAS антигена и его лиганда (sAPO-I/FAS и sFAS-L), caspase-1/ICE, sCD40 (тест-системы «Bender MedSystem», Австрия) и hTRAIL (тест-система «Biosource», Бельгия) твердофазным иммуноферментным методом. Использованы статистические методы: U-критерий Вилкоксона-Манна-Уитни, коэффициент корреляции Спирмана. Результаты. Во всех группах наблюдалось снижение hTRAIL. При инсультах с 1-х по 14-е сутки, а при ТЧМТ — с 7-х по 14-е сутки отмечается снижение сывороточного sCD40. Повышение caspase-1/ICE отмечалось при ГИ в 1-е сутки, ИИ с 1-х по 7-е сутки и при ТЧМТ с 1-х по 14-е сутки. Наиболее выраженное повышение caspase-1/ICE в 1-ю неделю заболевания индуцировалось ишемическим повреждением головного мозга. Пролонгированное повышение до 2-х недель отмечено при ТЧМТ. Не выявлено повышения FAS-L в сыворотке крови у обследованных больных. Динамика sAPO-I/FAS различалась во всех группах. Наиболее выраженное снижение выявлено при ГИ, умеренное — при ИИ и отсутствовало при ТЧМТ. При ТЧМТ в 1-е сутки отмечено выраженное увеличение sAPO-I/FAS в сыворотке крови. При оценке взаимосвязей между сывороточными показателями апоптоза выявлены различия в сопряженности между изученными показателями во всех группах больных и в контрольной группе. Заключение. Выявлены общие черты и различия в динамике сывороточных апоптотических маркеров и их сопряженности в остром периоде тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы, ишемического и геморрагического инсультов. Ключевые слова: тяжёлая черепно-мозговая травма, инсульт, апоптоз, APO-I/FAS, FAS-L, caspase-1/ICE, CD40, hTRAIL

Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma:a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors

Although growing evidence points to highly indolent behavior of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC), most patients with EFVPTC are treated as having conventional thyroid cancer

Multi-Wavelength Variability of BL Lacertae Measured with High Time Resolution

In an effort to locate the sites of emission at different frequencies and physical processes causing variability in blazar jets, we have obtained high time-resolution observations of BL Lacertae over a wide wavelength range: with the \emph{Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite} (TESS) at 6,000-10,000 \AA\ with 2-minute cadence; with the Neil Gehrels \emph{Swift} satellite at optical, UV, and X-ray bands; with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array at hard X-ray bands; with the \emph{Fermi} Large Area Telescope at $\gamma$-ray energies; and with the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope for measurement of the optical flux density and polarization. All light curves are correlated, with similar structure on timescales from hours to days. The shortest timescale of variability at optical frequencies observed with TESS is $\sim 0.5$ hr. The most common timescale is $13\pm1$~hr, comparable with the minimum timescale of X-ray variability, 14.5 hr. The multi-wavelength variability properties cannot be explained by a change solely in the Doppler factor of the emitting plasma. The polarization behavior implies that there are both ordered and turbulent components to the magnetic field in the jet. Correlation analysis indicates that the X-ray variations lag behind the $\gamma$-ray and optical light curves by up to $\sim 0.4$ days. The timescales of variability, cross-frequency lags, and polarization properties can be explained by turbulent plasma that is energized by a shock in the jet and subsequently loses energy to synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation in a magnetic field of strength $\sim3$ GComment: 33 pages, 25 figures, 14 tables. Accepted to Ap