Modern Didactic Text in Russian: Mechanisms of Perception and Principles of Construction

The article is devoted to the study of cognitive mechanisms of perception of textual information: stages and peculiarities of its intellectual processing and its understanding and internalization in the light of the activity-based theory of cognition. The author analyzes the existing approaches to the definition of the essence of the modern didactic text, which is not to focus on memorizing concepts, but on the development of independence and creative attitude to learning. This requires a fundamentally new approach to the structure of the textbook as a whole and its individual sections (themes) in particular, taking into account the psychological laws of information acquisition and specific features of formation of cognitive and metacognitive operations of the child. Special attention is given to psycholinguistic methods and techniques of identification of the nature of reception of the didactic text in the unity of its formal and content parameters. The article poses a postulate about the need to take into consideration these mechanisms in the process of design (development) of a didactic text in Russian for students of secondary general education institutions. The didactic text is analyzed from two angles: 1) from the standpoint of the person reading (listening to) the text and modeling the image of the content of the text perceived in their mind; 2) from the standpoint of the author of the text. The article contains experimental data, which make it possible to identify the factors that determine the nature of perception of the didactic text. The author concentrates her attention on individual psychological differences of information perception both via verbal and non-verbal codes and specificity of acquisition of information presented in different ways (in particular, by way of algorithms or equivalents). The author’s analysis of typical exercises and tasks (including after-reading tasks), which can be found in modern textbooks of the Russian language, in terms of their cognitive “comfort” and efficiency for children with different lateral profiles is methodologically important. The study reveals the factors facilitating perception and understanding of the learning material or hindering these processes. The research results include a practical guide for teachers-philologists, specialists in methods, and psycholinguists regarding the form and the content of didactic texts (including game-based ones) for teaching Russian.Статья посвящена исследованию когнитивных механизмов восприятия текстовой ин- формации: этапам и особенностям ее интеллектуальной обработки, осмысления и интериоризации в свете деятельностной теории познания. Автором анализируются существующие подходы к определению сути современного учебного текста, который должен быть ориентирован не на заучивание понятий, а на развитие самостоятельности, творческого отношения к учению. Это требует принципиально нового подхода к конструированию структуры как учебника в целом, так и отдельных его разделов (тем) с учетом психологических закономерностей овладения информацией, особенностей формирования у ребенка когнитивных и метакогнитивных операций. Особое внимание при этом уделяется психолингвистическим методам и методикам выявления характера рецепции учебного текста в единстве его формальных и содержательных параметров. Выдвигается постулат о необходимости учета этих механизмов в процессе разработки (конструирования) учебного текста по русскому языку для обучающихся средних общеобразовательных учреждений. Учебный текст анализируется в двух аспектах: 1) с позиций человека читающего (слушающего) и моделирующего в своем сознании образ содержания воспринимаемого текста; 2) с позиций разработчика, конструирующего учебный текст. Приводятся экспериментальные данные, позволяющие выявить факторы, определяющие характер восприятия учебного текста. Акцентируется внимание на индивидуально-психологических различиях восприятия информации, представленной как вербальным, так и невербальным кодами; специфике усвоения информации, предъявляемой различными способами (в частности, алгоритмами или аналогами). Методологически важным является представленный в статье анализ типовых упражнений и заданий (в том числе притекстовых), содержащихся в современных школьных учебниках по русскому языку, в аспекте их когнитивной «комфортности» и продуктивности для детей с разными латеральными профилями. Выявляются факторы, способствующие восприятию и пониманию учебной информации или затрудняющие эти процессы. В качестве результатов анализа материала предлагаются практические рекомендации для учителей-словесников, методистов, психолингвистов относительно формы и содержания учебного текста (в том числе игрового) по русскому языку

Creative syncretism of speech genres threats and appeasement in sacred texts of traditional folk culture

The article analyzes the texts of archaic folk culture (spells, incantations, incantations, divination), which are considered as a set of cultural codes of sacred communication, not limited to verbal components. Explores the nature of speech genres of threat and appeasement which, in the analyzed texts that embody a conditional set of real and imaginary, deshow existing in the popular mind the strategy of interaction with the unreal world. The analysis allows us to speak of a "creative syncretism" of techniques for creating a suggestive effect of the described cultural texts, which have the same structure, common presuppositions and a set of language tools for different intentions. The structure of the suggestive mental scenario of texts, which correlates with the features of mythological thinking, is determined.В статье анализируются тексты архаической народной культуры (заговоры, заклинания, заклички), которые рассматриваются в совокупности культурных кодов сакральной коммуникации, не ограниченной вербальной составляющей. Выявляется специфика речевых жанров угрозы и задабривания, которые в рамках анализируемых текстов, воплощающих условный комплекс реального и воображаемого, демонстрируют существующие в народном сознании стратегии взаимодействия с нереальным миром. Анализ позволяет говорить о «креативном синкретизме» приемов создания суггестивного эффекта описываемых культурных текстов. Они имеют одинаковую структуру и общие пресуппозиции при разных интенциях участников сакральной коммуникации и наборах языковых средств. Определена структура суггестивного ментального сценария текстов, которая соотносится с особенностями мифологического мышления

Ocular hemodynamics in patients with posterior uveitis entities

Background: In spite of recent advances in ophthalmology, the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis is still a challenge. Purpose: To assess ocular hemodynamics in patients with primary and recurrent posterior uveitis (focal and disseminated chorioretinitis) using ophthalmic rheography. Material and Methods: One hundred and eighteen patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 37.2 ± 1.5 years) with posterior uveitis were included in the study. The median duration of recurrent posterior uveitis was 2920 days (range, 1080 to 5110 days). The etiology of chorioretinitis was not established in all patients of the study. The age-matched control group was composed of 16 healthy volunteers (32 eyes). Patients and controls underwent ophthalmic rheography (ORG) with Reocom, the computerized rheography apparatus (Kharkiv, Ukraine). ORG included measurements of ocular pulse blood filling (expressed as RQ, ‰ rheographic coefficient) and vascular tone (expressed as alpha/T percentage index), and volumetric pulse blood filling rate (expressed as Ohm/s). Results: In primary focal and disseminated chorioretinitis, inflammation was characterized by increased ocular circulation, which was manifested by (a) 20% increased ocular pulse blood filling (both for unilateral and bilateral inflammation); (b) 1.4-times and twice, respectively, increased volumetric pulse blood filling rate and (c) 12.5% and 33.3%, respectively, increased vascular tone in large-caliber vessels and small-caliber vessels. Ocular hemodynamics was increased in patients with unilateral recurrent focal, bilateral recurrent focal and bilateral recurrent disseminated chorioretinitis in the period of recurrence; particularly, ocular pulse blood filling was 17% increased, and volumetric pulse blood filling rate, 1.6 times increased. In addition, vascular tone in large-caliber vessels was increased. The period of remission in patients with focal chorioretinitis was characterized by normal ocular pulse blood filling, whereas in those with recurrent disseminated chorioretinitis, by 20% decreased ocular pulse blood filling compared to the norm. Volumetric pulse blood filling rate in the period or remission was 1.4-1.5-times increased in patients with focal chorioretinitis, but not in those with disseminated chorioretinitis. Conclusion: Ocular pulse blood filling, volumetric pulse blood filling rate, and vascular tone in large-caliber and small-caliber vessels were increased in patients with primary posterior uveitis and those with recurrent posterior uveitis in the period of recurrence, both for unilateral and bilateral inflammation. In patients with recurrent posterior uveitis, the period of remission was characterized by a wide range of changes, from normal values to mild deficits, in ocular pulse blood filling, as well as increased vascular tone in vessels, which requires adequate anti-ischemic treatment in the period between recurrences

Problems of research of speech activities of bilingual students in the context of contemporary linguistic situation

Situation of bilinguism is discussed on the basis of people speaking both Armenian (native for the person or his/her ancestors) and Russian. One of the languages is, as a rule, dominating in the mind of the bilingual person, it “forces out” the second, though the ideal situation may occur when both languages are equal, their usage is accompanied by meta-language reflection on both of them, their differences and similarities.Рассматривается ситуация билингвизма на примере людей, владеющих как армянским (родным для себя или предков), так и русским языками. Демонстрируется, что, как правило, один из языков в сознании билингва является доминирующим, «вытесняет» другой, хотя наблюдается и ситуация, признаваемая идеальной, – равное владение обоими языками, сопровождающееся метаязыковой рефлексией по поводу каждого из них, их сходства и различия

Problematic Issues of Associative Orthography

В статье представлен анализ проекта «Наш орфографический словарь», в основе которого лежат принципы ассоциативной орфографии. Выявляются положительные и отрицательные аспекты теоретических и практических подходов к использованию ассоциативных механизмов запоминания слов с непроверяемыми написаниями. Обозначена проблема экспериментальной верификации мультисенсорной интеграции в обучении орфографии на основе ассоциативной памяти.The article presents an analysis of the project “Our Spelling Dictionary”, which is based on the principles of associative spelling. The positive and negative aspects of theoretical and practical approaches to the use of associative mechanisms for memorizing words with unverifiable spellings are revealed. The problem of experimental verification of multisensory integration in teaching spelling based on associative memory is outlined

Realization of potential of enterprise structure development as the criterion of ensuring the object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support : the Russian Federation

The objective of the research. Undertaken in the conditions of an economic crisis and sanctions restrictions the attempts of system optimization of business activity state regulation in Russia still don't contribute to increase in business sector efficiency and to full accomplishment of all assigned social and economic functions. In the article the author rationalizes the point, assuming that in the basis of state regulation system the implementation level of entrepreneurial structure capacity, as the most adequate criterion of rendering the state support of business activity, which besides shall carry an object-differentiated nature, shall be laid. Short description of methodology. In the article authors offer an original interpretation of the concept "potential of enterprise structure development" and a method to calculate an indicator "the realization level of potential of enterprise structure development" as key criterion at realizing an object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support of enterprise structures. Compilation of the most important research results and their significance. In the article based on the formed differentiation criteria of measures of the state support of entrepreneurial structures authors offer the measures system differentiated on the bases of the implementation level of potential of entrepreneurial structures development and the importance of this structure in strategic priorities system of territorial development on preferential creation of institutional conditions for an entrepreneurship development; on internal capacity development of entrepreneurial structures; on direct support of business activity.peer-reviewe

Reading the Signs”: Aspects of Perception of a Game Polycode Text in Space of a Modern City

One of the new linguocreative practices of organizing the city space as a cultural text is analyzed. The game discourse of polycode texts is considered, which combine elements of different semiotic systems: signs of traffic rules, supplemented by visualized symbolic allusions and quotations, collectively referring to the motifs of famous works of art. The constructive principles of modeling the associative context of polycode posters placed in the Literary Quarter of Yekaterinburg are characterized. The universality of the generation of game texts of any semiotic nature on the basis of an operational technique that creates the effects of associative deducibility and associative integration is substantiated. The novelty of the study is related to the description of the algorithm for creating and deciphering a game polycode text of this type, identifying the factors and strategies for reading it by the addressee. The dynamic component of the semantic diversity of the analyzed texts is experimentally verified, taking into account the respondents’ recognition of the prototypes of the game transform, reflection on the connection between its visual and verbal components, and the ability to derive allusive implicatures. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of game transform decoding strategies in the light of the mechanisms of linguocreative thinking based on the switching of associative stereotypes in the language game register

MOOС: new model of e-learning in secondary vocational education

The article describes models of massive open online courses regarding secondary vocational educationВ статье рассматриваются модели массовых открытых онлайн-курсов относительно среднего профессионального образования и проблемы их реализаци

The 2011 October Draconids Outburst. II. Meteoroid Chemical Abundances from Fireball Spectroscopy

On October 8, 2011 the Earth crossed dust trails ejected from comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in the late 19th and early 20th Century. This gave rise to an outburst in the activity of the October Draconid meteor shower, and an international team was organized to analyze this event. The SPanish Meteor Network (SPMN) joined this initiative and recorded the October Draconids by means of low light level CCD cameras. In addition, spectroscopic observations were carried out. Tens of multi-station meteor trails were recorded, including an extraordinarily bright October Draconid fireball (absolute mag. -10.5) that was simultaneously imaged from three SPMN meteor ob-serving stations located in Andalusia. Its spectrum was obtained, showing a clear evolution in the relative intensity of emission lines as the fireball penetrated deeper into the atmosphere. Here we focus on the analysis of this remarkable spectrum, but also discuss the atmospheric trajectory, atmospheric penetration, and orbital data computed for this bolide which was probably released during 21P/Giacobini-Zinner return to perihelion in 1907. The spectrum is discussed together with the tensile strength for the October Draconid meteoroids. The chemical profile evolution of the main rocky elements for this extremely bright bolide is compared with the elemental abundances obtained for 5 October Draconid fireballs also recorded during our spectroscopic campaign but observed only at a single station. Significant chemical heterogeneity between the small meteoroids is found as we should expect for cometary aggregates being formed by diverse dust components.Comment: Manuscript in press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Accepted for publication in MNRAS on April 28th, 2013 Manuscript Pages: 28 Tables: 5 Figures: 12. Manuscript associated: "The 2011 October Draconids outburst. I. Orbital elements, meteoroid fluxes and 21P/Giacobini-Zinner delivered mass to Earth" by Trigo-Rodriguez et al. is also in press in the same journa