РОЛЬ ВНУТРИСЕМЕЙНОГО ИНФИЦИРОВАНИЯ ЧАСТО БОЛЕЮЩИХ ДЕТЕЙ

143 children and 376 of their family members were examined for the study of intrafamilial infection. The study revealed that in the families of the studied sickly children (SC) 100% of mothers, 83,3% of fathers, 100% of siblings and 100% of nannies were infected. Herpes viruses: EBV (55,8%), CMV (50,8%), HHV VI (21,7%) in combination with intracellular pathogens (Chlamydia and Mycoplasma) were prevalent in the sickly children. Examination of the family members revealed presence of the same pathogens. Control group differed significantly and reliably from the group of sickly children. There were not many infected children, no acute forms of diseases; monoinfection predominated. Было обследовано 143 ребенка и 376 членов семей для изучения внутрисемейного инфицирования. В группе часто болеющих детей (ЧБД) было выявлено инфицированных 100% матерей, 83,3% отцов, 100% сибсов и 100% нянь. У ЧБД преобладали герпесвирусы: ЭБВ (55,8%), ЦМВ (50,8%), ГВЧ VI (21,7%) в сочетании с внутриклеточными патогенами (хламидиями и микоплазмами. При обследовании всех членов семей было выявлено инфицирование практическими теми же возбудителями. Группа контроля значительно и достоверно отличалась от группы ЧБД небольшим количеством инфицированных детей, отсутствием острых форм и преобладанием моноинфицирования.

The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages

Геморрагическая лихорадка с почечным синдромом у ребенка раннего возраста

In Russia, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) takes the leading place among all natural focal infections, the incidence rate in 2018 was 3,99 per 100 thousand population. In the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, HFRS occurs much less frequently – 1,46 cases per 100 thousand population. The disease is more susceptible to men aged 16–50 years, children rarely get sick. In 2019, 73 cases of HFRS (1,36 per 100 thousand population) were registered in St. Petersburg, among them only 2 episodes – in children under 18 years of age. A clinical case of HFRS in a child aged 1 year and 8 months is presented. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical and epidemiological data (acute onset of the disease, the presence of fever, thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, oliguria, anuria, information on cases of HFRS at the place of residence of the child) and laboratory data (detection of specific IgM antibodies to the Hantaan virus) in the later stages of the disease. The described case should alert pediatricians regarding possible natural focal diseases, including HFRS. A thorough analysis of the anamnestic, epidemiological and clinical data of the patient will help in the early stages of the disease to suggest a diagnosis, conduct laboratory diagnostics and prescribe appropriate therapy.В России геморрагическая лихорадка с почечным синдромом (ГЛПС) занимает ведущее место среди всех природно-очаговых инфекций, показатель заболеваемости в 2018 г. составил 3,99 на 100 тыс. населения. В СевероЗападном федеральном округе Российской Федерации ГЛПС встречается значительно реже – 1,46 случаев на 100 тыс. населения. Заболеванию больше подвержены мужчины в возрасте 16–50 лет, дети болеют редко. В Санкт-Петербурге в 2019 г. зарегистрировано 73 случая ГЛПС (1,36 на 100 тыс. населения), среди них только 2 эпизода у детей до 18 лет. Представлен клинический случай геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом у ребенка в возрасте 1год 8 мес. Диагноз установлен на основании клинико-эпидемиологических (острое начало заболевания, наличие лихорадки, тромбогеморрагического синдрома, олигурии, анурии, сведений о случаях ГЛПС по месту жительства ребенка) и лабораторных (обнаружение специфических IgM-антител к Hantaanвирусу) данных в поздние сроки болезни. Описанный случай должен насторожить врачей-педиатров в отношении возможных природно-очаговых заболеваний, в том числе ГЛПС. Тщательный анализ анамнестических, эпидемиологических и клинических данных больного поможет в ранние сроки болезни предположить диагноз, провести лабораторную диагностику и назначить соответствующую терапию

In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene Acrylic Oligomer

[EN] The present study reports on the use of low-functionality epoxy-based styrene¿acrylic oligomer (ESAO) to compatibilize immiscible ternary blends made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactide (PLA), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The addition during melt processing of low-functionality ESAO at two parts per hundred resin (phr) of biopolymer successfully changed the soften inclusion phase in the blend system to a thinner morphology, yielding biopolymer ternary blends with higher mechanical ductility and also improved oxygen barrier performance. The compatibilization achieved was ascribed to the in situ formation of a newly block terpolymer, i.e. PHBVb- PLA-b-PBAT, which was produced at the blend interface by the reaction of the multiple epoxy groups present in ESAO with the functional terminal groups of the biopolymers. This chemical reaction was mainly linear due to the inherently low functionality of ESAO and the more favorable reactivity of the epoxy groups with the carboxyl groups of the biopolymers, which avoided the formation of highly branched and/or cross-linked structures and thus facilitated the films processability. Therefore, the reactive blending of biopolymers at different mixing ratios with low-functionality ESAO represents a straightforward methodology to prepare sustainable plastics at industrial scale with different physical properties that can be of interest in, for instance, food packaging applications.This research was funded by the EU H2020 project YPACK (Reference number 773872) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) with project numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo wants to thank the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for financial support through his FPU Grant Number FPU15/03812. Torres-Giner also acknowledges the MICIU for his Juan de la Cierva contract (IJCI-2016-29675).Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Lagaron, J.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. (2019). In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene Acrylic Oligomer. 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Construction and in vivo assembly of a catalytically proficient and hyperthermostable de novo enzyme

Although catalytic mechanisms in natural enzymes are well understood, achieving the diverse palette of reaction chemistries in re-engineered native proteins has proved challenging. Wholesale modification of natural enzymes is potentially compromised by their intrinsic complexity, which often obscures the underlying principles governing biocatalytic efficiency. The maquette approach can circumvent this complexity by combining a robust de novo designed chassis with a design process that avoids atomistic mimicry of natural proteins. Here, we apply this method to the construction of a highly efficient, promiscuous, and thermostable artificial enzyme that catalyzes a diverse array of substrate oxidations coupled to the reduction of H2O2. The maquette exhibits kinetics that match and even surpass those of certain natural peroxidases, retains its activity at elevated temperature and in the presence of organic solvents, and provides a simple platform for interrogating catalytic intermediates common to natural heme-containing enzymes

Variability of diagnostic criteria and treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome across European countries

The aim of the surveys conducted by the Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome Working Group of the ESPN was to study the possible variability of treatment in Europe at different stages of the disease by means of questionnaires sent to members of the Working Group. Four surveys have been completed: treatment of the first flare, treatment of the first relapse and the issue of steroid dependency, use of rituximab, and the management of steroid-resistant patients. A uniform treatment of the first flare was applied in only three countries, and ten additional centers have adopted one of the three main protocols. Reported treatment of the first relapse was relatively uniform, whereas the use of additional immunosuppressants in steroid dependency was widely variable. Rituximab had already been used in hundreds of patients, although the formal evidence of efficiency in steroid dependency was relatively recent at the time of the survey. The definition of steroid resistance was variable in the European centers, but strikingly, the first-line treatment was uniform throughout the centers and included the combination of prednisone plus calcineurin antagonists. Conclusion: The variability in the approach of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is unexpectedly large and affects treatment of the first flare, strategies in the case of steroid dependency, as well as the definitions of steroid resistance.What is Known:• Steroids and immunosuppressants are the universal treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.What is New:• The variability of treatments and strategy of treatment in European centers of pediatric nephrology

RENAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: CAUSES, CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS

Classification of blood pressure in children and adolescents, features of renovascular hypertension and renal parenchymal hypertension in children and adolescents. Mid-aortic syndrome is characterized by the narroving of the abdominal aorta and bilateral renal artery stenosis. In the article are discussed diagnosis renal arterial hypertension and the defeat of target-organs in children and adolescents

PEDIATRIC CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE RENAL INJURY

The article presents classification and epidemiology of acute renal injury in newborns and children. According to the international multicentre epidemiological studies, the development of acute renal injury is the main and independent risk factor of newborn mortality. Pediatric nephrology has discussed the evolution of the epidemiology of acute renal injury from primary kidney disease to the secondary one due to another systemic disease or its treatment in children

Distinguished scientist of Russian pediatrics M.S. Maslov (on the occasion of his 130th birthday anniversary)

The paper describes the medical, scientific, and pedagogical activities of Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR Mikhail Stepanovich Maslov (1885—1961). It emphasizes his role in the foundation of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute. The distinguished scientist Mikhail Stepanovich Maslov made a great contribution to the development of Russian pediatrics

Kidney cystosis in tuberous sclerosis in infants

The tuberous sclerosis is a systemic orphan disease. According to the literature data, the article summarizes the clinical and genetic features, presents the large and small criteria for the tuberous sclerosis diagnostics in children. The authors provide the comprehensive description of the kidney pathological condition specific for the tuberous sclerosis, which complicates considerably the course and determines the disease prognosis. The clinical observation of two tuberous sclerosis cases in the infants with very early detection of the polycystic kidney disease, quick growth of the kidney cysts and increase of the kidney volume, with formation of the nephrogenic arterial hypertension is presented. The TSC2/PKD1 syndrome (“adjacent gene syndrome”), which is a consequence of the simultaneous mutation of the adjacent genes on the short arm of chromosome 16, is the most probable in both cases