116 research outputs found
Reflooding and repopulation of the Mediterranean Sea after the Messinian Salinity Crisis: Benthic foraminifera assemblages and stable isotopes of Spanish basins
Benthic foraminiferal, sedimentological, and stable isotope analyses performed on early Zanclean sediments from Alboran Basin ODP Site 976 and southern Spanish land-based sections in the Malaga, Nijar and Sorbas basins have enabled the reconstruction of Mediterranean environmental conditions immediately after the Messinian Salinity Crisis. The presence at the Miocene – Pliocene boundary of dark layers, often enriched in organic matter, suggests that the Zanclean reflooding has created water column stratification, and reduced bottom-water oxygen levels. Considering that such dark layers are recorded at both deep and marginal settings far away from the Gibraltar gateway/s, a Mediterranean-scale water-mass stratification must have occurred. This stratification could be the result of saline Atlantic waters sinking into a less saline Mediterranean Basin still under the influence of the Paratethys. Our early Zanclean benthic δ18O data show that the Mediterranean water budget was indeed less negative than at present, explaining the lower salinity of the basin. However, the Atlantic values of the benthic δ13C registered in the Alboran basin suggest that bottom-water renewal rates were quite high during the early Zanclean, preventing the reduction of δ13C at the seafloor as observed in the Messinian records. Zanclean benthic foraminiferal repopulation sequences show similarities with recovery from low-oxic episodes during sapropel deposition. These observations, paired with the gradual deepening of the basins, suggests that the Zanclean reflooding led to a progressive shift from stressed and unstable environments towards benthic associations typical of efficient circulation and bottom water ventilation
Fixed-Parameter Tractable Distances to Sparse Graph Classes
We show that for various classes of sparse graphs, and several measures of distance to such classes (such as edit distance and elimination distance), the problem of determining the distance of a given graph to is fixed-parameter tractable. The results are based on two general techniques. The first of these, building on recent work of Grohe et al. establishes that any class of graphs that is slicewise nowhere dense and slicewise first-order definable is FPT. The second shows that determining the elimination distance of a graph to a minor-closed class is FPT. We demonstrate that several prior results (of Golovach, Moser and Thilikos and Mathieson) on the fixed-parameter tractability of distance measures are special cases of our first method
Characteristics of the Multi-Telescope Coincidence Trigger of the HEGRA IACT System
The HEGRA--collaboration is operating a system of imaging atmospheric
Cherenkov telescopes to search for sources of TeV-gamma-rays. Air showers are
observed in stereoscopic mode with several telescopes simultaneously. To
trigger the telescope system a versatile two-level trigger scheme has been
implemented, which allows a significant reduction of the energy threshold with
respect to single telescopes. The technical implementation of this trigger
scheme and the performance of the trigger system are described. Results include
the dependence of single- and multi-telescope trigger rates on the trigger
thresholds, on the orientation of the telescopes, and on the type of the
primary particle.Comment: 17 Pages, 10 figures, Late
Mediterranean biodiversity gradient initiated by basin restriction
Physical connectivity between marine basins facilitates population exchange and hence controls biodiversity. The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-restricted basin with only a small two-way connection to the global ocean, and it is a region heavily impacted by climate change and biological invasions today. The massive migration of non-indigenous species into the basin through the Suez Canal, driven and enabled by climate warming, is drastically changing Mediterranean biodiversity. Understanding therefore the origin and cause(s) of pre-existing biodiversity patterns is crucial for predicting future impacts of climate change. Mediterranean biodiversity exhibits a west-to-east decreasing gradient in terms of species richness, but the processes that resulted in this gradient have only been hypothesized. By examining the fossil record, we provide evidence that this gradient developed 5.33 million years ago at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis, and it was therefore caused by the re-population of the basin by marine species with a dominating western source at the MediterraneanÂżAtlantic gateway
A search for TeV gamma-ray emission from SNRs, pulsars and unidentified GeV sources in the Galactic plane in the longitude range between -2 deg and 85 deg
Using the HEGRA system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, one
quarter of the Galactic plane (-2 deg < l < 85 deg) was surveyed for TeV
gamma-ray emission from point sources and moderately extended sources (diameter
<= 0.8 deg). The region covered includes 86 known pulsars (PSR), 63 known
supernova remnants (SNR) and nine GeV sources, representing a significant
fraction of the known populations. No evidence for emission of TeV gamma
radiation was detected, and upper limits range from 0.15 Crab units up to
several Crab units, depending on the observation time and zenith angles
covered. The ensemble sums over selected SNR and pulsar subsamples and over the
GeV-sources yield no indication for emission from these potential sources. The
upper limit for the SNR population is at the level of 6.7% of the Crab flux and
for the pulsar ensemble at the level of 3.6% of the Crab flux.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&
The technical performance of the HEGRA system of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes
Between early 1997 and late 2002, the HEGRA collaboration operated a stereoscopic system of 4 (later 5) imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. In this paper we present the calibration schemes which were developed for the system, and report on the performance of the detector over the years. In general, the telescope system was very well understood, regarding both the absolute calibration and the slight changes in performance over the years. The system had an energy threshold of 500 GeV for observations at zenith and under optimum detector conditions. With the corresponding calibration schemes, a systematic accuracy of 15 percent on the absolute energy scale has been achieved. The continuous sensitivity monitoring provided a relative accuracy of a few percent, and showed that the threshold did not exceed 600 GeV throughout the entire operation time. The readout electronics and the imaging quality of the dishes were well monitored and stable. The absolute pointing had an accuracy of at least 25 arcsec; this number was guaranteed throughout the whole lifetime of the experiment.G. Puhlhofer ... G. P. Rowell.. and W. Wittek...et al., the HEGRA Collaboratio
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