3,608 research outputs found
On the statistical interpretation of optical rogue waves
Numerical simulations are used to discuss various aspects of "optical rogue
wave" statistics observed in noise-driven fiber supercontinuum generation
associated with highly incoherent spectra. In particular, we consider how long
wavelength spectral filtering influences the characteristics of the statistical
distribution of peak power, and we contrast the statistics of the spectrally
filtered SC with the statistics of both the peak power of the most red-shifted
soliton in the SC and the maximum peak power across the full temporal field
with no spectral selection. For the latter case, we show that the unfiltered
statistical distribution can still exhibit a long-tail, but the extreme-events
in this case correspond to collisions between solitons of different
frequencies. These results confirm the importance of collision dynamics in
supercontinuum generation. We also show that the collision-induced events
satisfy an extended hydrodynamic definition of "rogue wave" characteristics.Comment: Paper accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal ST,
Special Topics. Discussion and Debate: Rogue Waves - towards a unifying
concept? To appear 201
Modulation instability, Akhmediev Breathers and continuous wave supercontinuum generation
Numerical simulations of the onset phase of continuous wave supercontinuum
generation from modulation instability show that the structure of the field as
it develops can be interpreted in terms of the properties of Akhmediev
Breathers. Numerical and analytical results are compared with experimental
measurements of spectral broadening in photonic crystal fiber using nanosecond
pulsesComment: 22 pages, 6 figure
Postoperative complications associated with external skeletal fixators in cats
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this study was to quantify complications associated with external skeletal fixators (ESFs) in cats and to identify potential risk factors.
METHODS:
A retrospective review of medical records and radiographs following ESF placement was performed.
RESULTS:
Case records of 140 cats were reviewed; fixator-associated complications (FACs) occurred in 19% of cats. The region of ESF placement was significantly associated with complication development. Complications developed most frequently in the femur (50%), tarsus (35%) and radius/ulna (33%). Superficial pin tract infection (SPTI) and implant failure accounted for 45% and 41% of all FACs, respectively. SPTI occurred more frequently in the femur, humerus and tibia, with implant failure more frequent in the tarsus. No association between breed, age, sex, weight, fracture type (open vs closed), ESF classification, number of pins per bone segment, degree of fracture load sharing, and the incidence or type of FAC was identified. No association between region of placement, breed, age, sex, weight, fracture type (open vs closed), ESF classification, number of pins per bone segment, fracture load sharing and the time to complication development was identified.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Complication development is not uncommon in cats following ESF placement. The higher complication rate in the femur, tarsus and radius/ulna should be considered when reviewing options for fracture management. However, cats appear to have a lower rate of pin tract infections than dogs
Occupancy Based Household Energy Disaggregation using Ultra Wideband Radar and Electrical Signature Profiles
Human behaviour and occupancy accounts for a substantial proportion of variation in the energy efficiency pro le of domestic buildings. Yet while people often claim that they would like to reduce their energy bills, rhetoric frequently fails to match action due to the effort involved in understand- ing and changing deeply engrained energy consumption habits. Here, we present and, through dedicated experiments, test in-house developed soft-ware to remotely identify appliance energy usage within buildings, using energy equipment which could be placed at the electricity meter location. Furthermore, we monitor and compare the occupancy of the location under study through Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar technology and compare the resulting data with those received from the power monitoring software, via time synchronization. These signals when mapped together can potentially provide both occupancy and speci c appliances power consumption, which could enable energy usage segregation on a yet impossible scale as well as usage attributable to occupancy behaviour. Such knowledge forms the basis for the implementation of automated energy saving actions based on a households unique energy profi le
Huygens principle based UWB microwave imaging method for skin cancer detection
In recent years, Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology has emerged as a promising alternative for use in a wide range of applications. One of the potential applications of UWB is in healthcare and imaging, motivated by its non-ionizing signals, low cost, low complexity, and its ability to penetrate through mediums. Moreover, the large bandwidth covered by UWB signals permits the very high resolution required in imaging experiments. In this paper, a recently introduced UWB microwave imaging technique based on the Huygens principle (HP), has been applied to multilayered skin model with an inclusion representing a tumor. The methodology of HP permits the capture of contrast such that different material properties within the region of interest can be discriminated in the final image, and its simplicity removes the need to solve inverse problems when forward propagating the waves. Therefore the procedure can identify and localize significant scatterers inside a multilayered volume. Validation of the technique through simulations on multilayered cylindrical model of the skin with inclusion representing the tumor has been performed
Chalcogenide-glass polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation
In this paper, we report the design and fabrication of a highly birefringent
polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) made from chalcogenide
glass, and its application to linearly-polarized supercontinuum (SC) generation
in the mid-infrared region. The PM fiber was drawn using the casting method
from As38Se62 glass which features a transmission window from 2 to 10
and a high nonlinear index of 1.13.10mW. It has a
zero-dispersion wavelength around 4.5 and, at this wavelength, a large
birefringence of 6.10 and consequently strong polarization maintaining
properties are expected. Using this fiber, we experimentally demonstrate
supercontinuum generation spanning from 3.1-6.02 and 3.33-5.78
using femtosecond pumping at 4 and 4.53 , respectively. We
further investigate the supercontinuum bandwidth versus the input pump
polarization angle and we show very good agreement with numerical simulations
of the two-polarization model based on two coupled generalized nonlinear
Schr\"odinger equations.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Fundamental noise limitations to supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber
Broadband noise on supercontinuum spectra generated in microstructure fiber
is shown to lead to amplitude fluctuations as large as 50 % for certain input
laser pulse parameters. We study this noise using both experimental
measurements and numerical simulations with a generalized stochastic nonlinear
Schroedinger equation, finding good quantitative agreement over a range of
input pulse energies and chirp values. This noise is shown to arise from
nonlinear amplification of two quantum noise inputs: the input pulse shot noise
and the spontaneous Raman scattering down the fiber.Comment: 16 pages with 6 figure
Hydrodynamic Supercontinuum
We demonstrate experimentally multi-bound-soliton solutions of the Nonlinear
Schr\"odinger equation (NLS) in the context of surface gravity waves. In
particular, the Satsuma-Yajima N-soliton solution with N=2,3,4 is investigated
in detail. Such solutions, also known as breathers on zero background, lead to
periodic self-focussing in the wave group dynamics, and the consequent
generation of a steep localized carrier wave underneath the group envelope. Our
experimental results are compared with predictions from the NLS for low
steepness initial conditions where wave-breaking does not occur, with very good
agreement. We also show the first detailed experimental study of irreversible
massive spectral broadening of the water wave spectrum, which we refer to by
analogy with optics as the first controlled observation of hydrodynamic
supercontinuum a process which is shown to be associated with the fission of
the initial multi-soliton bound state into individual fundamental solitons
similar to what has been observe in optics
On the modulation instability development in optical fiber systems
Extensive numerical simulations were performed to investigate all stages of
modulation instability development from the initial pulse of pico-second
duration in photonic crystal fiber: quasi-solitons and dispersive waves
formation, their interaction stage and the further propagation. Comparison
between 4 different NLS-like systems was made: the classical NLS equation, NLS
system plus higher dispersion terms, NLS plus higher dispersion and
self-steepening and also fully generalized NLS equation with Raman scattering
taken into account. For the latter case a mechanism of energy transfer from
smaller quasi-solitons to the bigger ones is proposed to explain the dramatical
increase of rogue waves appearance frequency in comparison to the systems when
the Raman scattering is not taken into account.Comment: 9 pages, 54 figure
Influence of turbulence on the dynamo threshold
We use direct and stochastic numerical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic
equations to explore the influence of turbulence on the dynamo threshold. In
the spirit of the Kraichnan-Kazantsev model, we model the turbulence by a
noise, with given amplitude, injection scale and correlation time. The addition
of a stochastic noise to the mean velocity significantly alters the dynamo
threshold. When the noise is at small (resp. large) scale, the dynamo threshold
is decreased (resp. increased). For a large scale noise, a finite correlation
time reinforces this effect
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