The NK Cell Response to Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection Affects the Level and Kinetics of the Early CD8+ T-Cell Response

Natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells play a prominent role in the clearance of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. The role of NK cells in modulating the CD8+ T-cell response to MCMV infection is still the subject of intensive research. For analyzing the impact of NK cells on mounting of a CD8+ T-cell response and the contribution of these cells to virus control during the first days postinfection (p.i.), we used C57BL/6 mice in which NK cells are specifically activated through the Ly49H receptor engaged by the MCMV-encoded ligand m157. Our results indicate that the requirement for CD8+ T cells in early MCMV control inversely correlates with the engagement of Ly49H. While depletion of CD8+ T cells has only a minor effect on the early control of wild-type MCMV, CD8+ T cells are essential in the control of Δm157 virus. The frequencies of virus epitope-specific CD8+ T cells and their activation status were higher in mice infected with Δm157 virus. In addition, these mice showed elevated levels of alpha interferon (IFN-α) and several other proinflammatory cytokines as early as 1.5 days p.i. Although the numbers of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) were reduced later during infection, particularly in Δm157-infected mice, they were not significantly affected at the peak of the cytokine response. Altogether, we concluded that increased antigen load, preservation of early cDCs' function, and higher levels of innate cytokines collectively account for an enhanced CD8+ T-cell response in C57BL/6 mice infected with a virus unable to activate NK cells via the Ly49H–m157 interaction

Proinflammatory cytokine signaling required for the generation of natural killer cell memory

Although natural killer (NK) cells are classified as innate immune cells, recent studies demonstrate that NK cells can become long-lived memory cells and contribute to secondary immune responses. The precise signals that promote generation of long-lived memory NK cells are unknown. Using cytokine receptor-deficient mice, we show that interleukin-12 (IL-12) is indispensible for mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific NK cell expansion and generation of memory NK cells. In contrast to wild-type NK cells that proliferated robustly and resided in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues for months after MCMV infection, IL-12 receptor–deficient NK cells failed to expand and were unable to mediate protection after MCMV challenge. We further demonstrate that a STAT4-dependent IFN-γ–independent mechanism contributes toward the generation of memory NK cells during MCMV infection. Understanding the full contribution of inflammatory cytokine signaling to the NK cell response against viral infection will be of interest for the development of vaccines and therapeutics

Type I IFN promotes NK cell expansion during viral infection by protecting NK cells against fratricide

Type I interferon (IFN) is crucial in host antiviral defense. Previous studies have described the pleiotropic role of type I IFNs on innate and adaptive immune cells during viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells from mice lacking the type I IFN-α receptor (Ifnar(−/−)) or STAT1 (which signals downstream of IFNAR) are defective in expansion and memory cell formation after mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Despite comparable proliferation, Ifnar(−/−) NK cells showed diminished protection against MCMV infection and exhibited more apoptosis compared with wild-type NK cells. Furthermore, we show that Ifnar(−/−) NK cells express increased levels of NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands during viral infection and are susceptible to NK cell–mediated fratricide in a perforin- and NKG2D-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of Ifnar(−/−) NK cells into NK cell–deficient mice reverses the defect in survival and expansion. Our study reveals a novel type I IFN–dependent mechanism by which NK cells evade mechanisms of cell death after viral infection

Innate immunity regulates adaptive immune response: lessons learned from studying the interplay between NK and CD8+ T cells during MCMV infection

Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in early immune response against cytomegalovirus infection. A large and mounting body of data indicate that these cells are involved in the regulation of the adaptive immune response as well. By using mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a model, several groups provided novel insights into the role of NK cells in the development and kinetics of antiviral CD8+ T cell response. Depending on infection conditions, virus strain and the genetic background of mice used, NK cells are either positive or negative regulators of the CD8+ T cell response. At present, there is no unique explanation for the observed differences between various experimental systems used. In this review we discuss the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NK and CD8+ T cells in the early control of MCMV infection

Supplementary Data for: "The comparative immunology of wild and laboratory mice, Mus musculus domesticus"

A complete immunological data set of 460 wild mice that was produced as part of a study to comprehensively characterize serological, cellular and functional immune parameters of wild mice and compare them with laboratory mice

Differential requirements for CD45 in NK-cell function reveal distinct roles for Syk-family kinases

The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is an important regulator of Src-family kinase activity. We found that in the absence of CD45, natural killer (NK) cells are defective in protecting the host from mouse cytomegalovirus infection. We show that although CD45 is necessary for all immunoreceptor tyrosine–based activation motif (ITAM)–specific NK-cell functions and processes such as degranulation, cytokine production, and expansion during viral infection, the impact of CD45 deficiency on ITAM signaling differs depending on the downstream function. CD45-deficient NK cells are normal in their response to inflammatory cytokines when administered ex vivo and in the context of viral infection. Syk and ζ chain–associated protein kinase 70 (Zap70) are thought to play redundant roles in transmitting ITAM signals in NK cells. We show that Syk, but not Zap70, controls the remaining CD45-independent, ITAM-specific NK-cell functions, demonstrating a functional difference between these 2 Syk-kinase family members in primary NK cells