Еволюція світового та вітчизняного виробництва автомобільних двигунів (XVIII – початок XXI століть)

Визначено основні тенденції становлення і розвитку світового та вітчизняного конс-труювання автомобільних двигунів у XVIII – на початку XXI ст. Виявлено основні ознаки класифікації автомобільних двигунів внутрішнього згоряння. Встановлено пріоритет нашо-го співвітчизника Б. Г. Луцького у створенні чотиритактного вертикального двигуна внут-рішнього згоряння з внизу розташованим колінчастим валом

ОСНОВНІ НАПРЯМИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ АВТОМОБІЛІВ У ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

Встановлено, що у першій половині ХХ ст. вітчизняними автомобіле-будівними заводами нагромаджено значний досвід з ремонту автомобілів та налагодження їх серійного виробництва. З’ясовано, що радянське автомобілебудування підійшло до нового етапу – масового виробництва автомобілів з використанням конвеєрів, спеціальних верстатів, автоматизованих ліній. Визначено, що для широкої автомобілізації СРСР були створені заводи, які працювали за високопродуктивними технологіями

Історія розвитку Львівського автомобільного заводу – одного з потужних виробників комунального транспорту в Україні

The history of development of the Lviv car plant – one of powerful producers of public-service transport in Ukraine was found out. It is proved that one of priority directions on an enterprise is the introduction of computer-aided and application of the newest methods of optimization of technological processes designs for the receipt of exactness, productivity and economy of making at providing of high operating properties and reliability of work of cars.Выяснена история развития Львовского автомобильного завода – одного из мощных производителей коммунального транспорта в Украине. Установлено, что одним из приоритетных направлений на предприятии является внедрение систем автоматизированного проектирования и применения новейших методов оптимизации технологических процессов для получения точности, производительности и экономичности изготовления при обеспечении высоких эксплуатационных свойств и надежности работы автомобилей.З’ясовано історію розвитку Львівського автомобільного заводу – одного з потужних виробників комунального транспорту в Україні. Встановлено, що одним з пріоритетних напрямів на підприємстві є впровадження систем автоматизованого проектування і застосування новітніх методів оптимізації технологічних процесів для отримання точності, продуктивності та економічності виготовлення при забезпеченні високих експлуатаційних властивостей і надійності роботи автомобілів

HOW ADVERTISING INFLUENCES YOUR CHOICES AND PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR WHILE SELECTING TOOTHPASTE

From television to wall murals, advertising is digital, ubiquitous and a powerful force shaping attitudes and behaviour in today's world. Owing to the rising consumer demands across products and services; the upsurge in competition across markets and companies vying for larger market share, advertisements, more precisely manipulative advertisements have become prevalent and the only means of generating revenues for companies that influence in ways we don't even realise.Keywords: Advertising, Purchasing, Advertising Standards Authority, Toothpast

Intersectional effects of racial and gender discrimination on cardiovascular health vary among black and white women and men in the CARDIA study

Testing hypotheses from the emerging Identity Pathology (IP) framework, we assessed race-gender differences in the effects of reporting experiences of racial and gender discrimination simultaneously compared with racial or gender discrimination alone, or no discrimination, on future cardiovascular health (CVH). Data were from a sample of 3758 black or white adults in CARDIA, a community-based cohort recruited in Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Minneapolis, MN, and Oakland, CA in 1985-6 (year 0). Racial and gender discrimination were assessed using the Experiences of Discrimination scale. CVH was evaluated using a 12-point composite outcome modified from the Life\u27s Simple 7, with higher scores indicating better health. Multivariable linear regressions were used to evaluate the associations between different perceptions of discrimination and CVH scores two decades later by race and gender simultaneously. Reporting racial and gender discrimination in \u3e /=2 settings were 48% of black women, 42% of black men, 10% of white women, and 5% of white men. Year 30 CVH scores (mean, SD) were 7.9(1.4), 8.1(1.6), 8.8(1.6), and 8.7(1.3), respectively. Compared with those of their race-gender groups reporting no discrimination, white women reporting only gender-based discrimination saw an adjusted score difference of +0.3 (95% CI: 0.0,0.6), whereas white men reporting only racial discrimination had on average a 0.4 (95% CI: 0.1,0.8) higher score, and scores among white men reporting both racial and gender discrimination were on average 0.6 (95% CI: 1.1,-0.1) lower than those of their group reporting no discrimination. Consistent with predictions of the IP model, the associations of reported racial and gender discrimination with future CVH were different for different racially-defined gender groups. More research is needed to understand why reported racial and gender discrimination might better predict deterioration in CVH for whites than blacks, and what additional factors associated with gender and race contribute variability to CVH among these groups

Cavity Heating Experiments Supporting Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation

The two-color thermographic phosphor method has been used to map the local heating augmentation of scaled idealized cavities at conditions simulating the windward surface of the Shuttle Orbiter Columbia during flight STS-107. Two experiments initiated in support of the Columbia Accident Investigation were conducted in the Langley 20-Inch Mach 6 Tunnel. Generally, the first test series evaluated open (length-to-depth less than 10) rectangular cavity geometries proposed as possible damage scenarios resulting from foam and ice impact during launch at several discrete locations on the vehicle windward surface, though some closed (length-to-depth greater than 13) geometries were briefly examined. The second test series was designed to parametrically evaluate heating augmentation in closed rectangular cavities. The tests were conducted under laminar cavity entry conditions over a range of local boundary layer edge-flow parameters typical of re-entry. Cavity design parameters were developed using laminar computational predictions, while the experimental boundary layer state conditions were inferred from the heating measurements. An analysis of the aeroheating caused by cavities allowed exclusion of non-breeching damage from the possible loss scenarios being considered during the investigation

First observation of 54Zn and its decay by two-proton emission

The nucleus 54Zn has been observed for the first time in an experiment at the SISSI/LISE3 facility of GANIL in the quasi-fragmentation of a 58Ni beam at 74.5 MeV/nucleon in a natNi target. The fragments were analysed by means of the ALPHA-LISE3 separator and implanted in a silicon-strip detector where correlations in space and time between implantation and subsequent decay events allowed us to generate almost background free decay spectra for about 25 different nuclei at the same time. Eight 54Zn implantation events were observed. From the correlated decay events, the half-life of 54Zn is determined to be 3.2 +1.8/-0.8 ms. Seven of the eight implantations are followed by two-proton emission with a decay energy of 1.48(2) MeV. The decay energy and the partial half-life are compared to model predictions and allow for a test of these two-proton decay models.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in PR

Presence of antioxidative agent, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro- in newly isolated Streptomyces mangrovisoli sp. nov.

A novel Streptomyces, strain MUSC 149T was isolated from mangrove soil. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomy of MUSC 149T, which shows a range of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK9(H8) and MK9(H6). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that closely related strains include Streptomyces rhizophilus NBRC 108885T (99.2 % sequence similarity), Streptomyces gramineus NBRC 107863T (98.7 %) and Streptomyces graminisoli NBRC 108883T (98.5 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness values between MUSC 149T and closely related type strains ranged from 12.4 ± 3.3 % to 27.3 ± 1.9 %. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 72.7 mol%. The extract of MUSC 149T exhibited strong antioxidant activity and chemical analysis reported identification of an antioxidant agent, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-. These data showed that metabolites of MUSC 149T shall be useful as preventive agent against free-radical associated diseases. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 149T, the strain merits assignment to a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces mangrovisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 149T (= MCCC 1K00699T = DSM 100438T)

Chemical nonlinearities in relating intercontinental ozone pollution to anthropogenic emissions

Model studies typically estimate intercontinental influence on surface ozone by perturbing emissions from a source continent and diagnosing the ozone response in the receptor continent. Since the response to perturbations is non-linear due to chemistry, conclusions drawn from different studies may depend on the magnitude of the applied perturbation. We investigate this issue for intercontinental transport between North America, Europe, and Asia with sensitivity simulations in three global chemical transport models. In each region, we decrease anthropogenic emissions of NOx and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by 20% and 100%. We find strong nonlinearity in the response to NOx perturbations outside summer, reflecting transitions in the chemical regime for ozone production. In contrast, we find no significant nonlinearity to NOx perturbations in summer or to NMVOC perturbations year-round. The relative benefit of decreasing NOx vs. NMVOC from current levels to abate intercontinental pollution increases with the magnitude of emission reductions