In vitro anticholinesterase and cholinergic effect of the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis on rabbit duodenum

Purpose: In previous studies, the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae) was shown to increase rabbit duodenal contractions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of the stimulation of the rabbit duodenum by the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae). Methods: The in vitro organ bath method was used in our experiments. The enzyme was extracted from rabbit duodenum. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined by Ellman's assay using acethylthiocholine iodide as substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholinesterase was monitored at 412 nm using a spectrophotometer. Results: The effective concentration which induces 50% effect of Hypo+ (EC50) was obtained with 8 x10-2 mg/ml of Hypo+. The tests carried out in the presence of atropine showed a considerable reduction in the amplitudes of intestinal contractions. Hypo+ exerted mixed competitive inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (Vmax = 8.33 µM/min and KM = 6.25 x 10-4 M). These results indicate that the crude extract of Trema guineensis contains anti-AChE and cholinomimetic substances. These two properties can explain the increase of duodenal contraction by Hypo+. Conclusion: These results support the use of Trema guineensis as a laxative due to its stimulating effects on duodenal contractility

Influence of Mitragyna Ciliata (MYTA) on the Microsomal Activity of ATPase Na+/K+ Dependent Extract on a Rabbit Heart

Mitragyna ciliata (MYTA) (Rubiaceae) inhibits plasmodia activity. MYTA induces a cardiotonicity of the digitalic type on rat's isolated heart. In this work we studied the effect of MYTA on microsomal Na+/K+ dependant ATPase (Na+, K+ ATPase) extracted from the heart of a rabbit since digitalics inhibit Na+, K+ ATPase. Our results revealed that the Na+/K+ ATPase has an optimum pH of 7.4 and temperature of 37°C respectively. There is a linear relationship between the organic phosphate formed and the incubation time over 25 mins incubation period. The ATP hydrolysis rate in the presence of MYTA was 0.775 µM/min. LINEWEAVER and BURK plots showed that MYTA did not alter KM (1.31 mM) but decreased VMAX. This study shows that MYTA exerts a non-competitive inhibition on the microsomal Na+/K+ ATPase extracted from rabbit heart with a Ci50 of 48 µg / ml. We conclude that the mechanism of action of MYTA is linked to the inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase like cardiotonics of the digitalic type

Analyse UPLC-MS/MS et activité antiproliférative de l’extrait brut hydroacétonique des feuilles de Zanthoxylum gilletii (De wild.) P.G. Waterman (Rutaceae)

International audienceL’analyse UPLC-MS/MS de l’extrait brut hydroacétonique des feuilles de Zanthoxylum gilletii a permis l’identification de composés phénoliques tels l’acide gallique et dérivés (9,40 mg EAG/g ms), l’acide protocatéchique (0,22 mg EAP/g ms), des flavonoïdes (6,34 mg EQ/g ms) et des acides hydroxycinnamiques (4,24 mg EAC/g ms). L’étude de la cytotoxicité a montré que cet extrait possède une activité antiproliférative sur les cellules cancéreuses C6, SNB 75, GLI7 et GLI4F11 (CI50 < 0,01 mg/ml)

Antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of a recipe used in traditional medicine for the treatment of high blood pressure

The use of recipes using herbs in the treatment of high blood pressure is quite common in Cote d’Ivoire. Among these recipes, a decoction of a mixture of plants called “Tanopati” is one of the most commonly used. The objective of this study is to determine the chemical constituents, evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity and acute toxicity in mice of lyophilized extract of “Tanopati” recipe. The phytochemical constituents of ‘Tanopati” was determined by the use of common tests related to flavonoids, tannins, leuco- anthocyanins, anthracenosids, terpenoids, steroid and saponins. We have also quantified the total polyphenolics compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids by aluminum trichloride reagent and condensed tannins by a method using iron trichloride. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH test and an acute toxicity test was performed in mice for the determination of Letal dose 50 (LD 50) of “Tanopati”. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, leuco-anthocyanin, anthracenosids, terpenoids, steroid and saponins. The quantitative determination of total polyphenols (232 µg EGA/mg), total flavonoids (58.48 µg EQ/mg) and condensed tannins (80,5 µg EC/mg ) showed that “Tanopati” contained a significant amount of phenolic compounds. The reduction of DPPH radicals (IC50= 28 µg/mL) and the capacity to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions showed a considerable antioxidant activity of “Tanopati”. Acute toxicity study carried out on “Tanopati” performed in mice (p.o.) showed that the recipe is not toxic (LD50˃2000 mg/kg B.W). These results support the safely use of “Tanopati” as a traditional medicine for the care of hypertension. The antioxidant properties are undoubtedly an additional benefit for the usage of “Tanopati” as an antihypertensive drug

Effet de l'herbe de Guinée (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associée à l'herbe de lait (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) ou aux feuilles de patate douce (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) sur la croissance des lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)

Objectif : Le présent travail vise à trouver une solution alternative à l'utilisation des feuilles de patate douce (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ) dans l'alimentation des lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) dont la récolte non contrôlée des feuilles peut induire une baisse de la production de tubercules d'environ 32%.Méthodologie et Résultats: L'effet de l'ingestion de l'herbe de guinée (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associé à l'herbe de lait (Euphorbia heterophylla) (Paneuph) ou à Ipomoea batatas (Panipo) sur la croissance journalière et l'indice de consommation a été déterminé chez les lapins. Les poids à la naissance et en fin d'engraissement (90 jours d’âge) étaient de 67,6 g et 60,8 g et de 770,0 et 933,8 g respectivement pour Panipo et Paneuph. Le régime Paneuph induisait une croissance journalière et un indice de consommation significativement supérieurs durant les deux derniers mois d'essai.Conclusion et Application des résultats : Les résultats de cette étude permettent de conclure que l'utilisation de l'herbe de lait en substitution des feuilles de patate douce dans l’alimentation des lapins en milieu traditionnel pourrait être envisagée.Mots clés : Cuniculture traditionnelle, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Panicum maximum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea batatas, alimentation Effect of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associated with Milk weed (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) or sweet potatoes leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) on rabbits growth (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.).Objective : The aim of this study was to find an alternative to the use of leaves of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ) in the diet of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) whose uncontrolled leaves harvesting can induce a decrease in production of tubers up to 32%.Methodology and Results: The effect of ingestion of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associated with milk weed (Euphorbia heterophylla) (Paneuph) or sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) (Panipo) on daily weight gain and feed efficiency was determinate in rabbits. The weight a the birth and the end fattening (90 days old) were 67.6 g and 60.8 g and 770.0 and 933.8 g respectively for Panipo and Paneuph. The Paneuph diet induced a daily growth and a feed efficiency significantly higher in the last two months of the test.Conclusions and Application of Results: Results of this study indicated using of milk weed in substitution of leaves of sweet potatoes in rabbits feed could be considered.Keywords: Traditional cuniculture, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Panicum maximum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea batatas, feedin

Multiple Pathogens Including Potential New Species in Tick Vectors in Cote d'Ivoire

International audienceBackground Our study aimed to assess the presence of different pathogens in ticks collected in two regions in Cote d'Ivoire. Methodology/Principal Findings Real-time PCR and standard PCR assays coupled to sequencing were used. Three hundred and seventy eight (378) ticks (170 Amblyomma variegatum, 161 Rhipicepalus microplus, 3 Rhipicephalus senegalensis, 27 Hyalomma truncatum, 16 Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, and 1 Hyalomma impressum) were identified and analyzed. We identified as pathogenic bacteria, Rickettsia africae in Am. variegatum (90%), Rh. microplus (10%) and Hyalomma spp. (9%), Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma spp. (23%), Rickettsia massiliae in Rh. senegalensis (33%) as well as Coxiella burnetii in 0.2%, Borrelia sp. in 0.2%, Anaplasma centrale in 0.2%, Anaplasma marginale in 0.5%, and Ehrlichia ruminantium in 0.5% of all ticks. Potential new species of Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Wolbachia were detected. Candidatus Borrelia africana and Candidatus Borrelia ivorensis (detected in three ticks) are phylogenetically distant from both the relapsing fever group and Lyme disease group borreliae; both were detected in Am. variegatum. Four new genotypes of bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family were identified, namely Candidatus Anaplasma ivorensis (detected in three ticks), Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei (in nine ticks), Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica (in four ticks), and Candidatus Wolbachia ivorensis (in one tick). Conclusions/Significance For the first time, we demonstrate the presence of different pathogens such as R. aeschlimannii, C. burnetii, Borrelia sp., A. centrale, A. marginale, and E. ruminantium in ticks in Cote d'Ivoire as well as potential new species of unknown pathogenicity

In vitro research to evaluate the antioxidant effects, inhibiting enzymes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains of Terminalia catappa extracts

Aim: Contribute to the well-being of the Ivorian population through scientific proof of the use of Terminalia cattapa leaves extracts in traditional medicine. Methodology: The antioxidative effect of aqueous, water-alcoholic, ethyl acetate and hexane derivatives of Terminalia catappa leaves was measured by six tests: DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), PPBD (phosphomolybdenum), CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and MCA (metal chelating activity). The inhibition of the activity of five enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase) was also determined. In addition, the broadcast method was used to evaluate impact of the samples on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Results: Highest antioxidant capacity was obtained in the ethanolic sample for DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and PPBD tests. Ethyl acetate sample produced the best CUPRAC and MCA tests. Among inhibitory effect of samples on the five enzymes, aqueous sample showed the strongest anti-acetylCholynesterase and anti-butyrylCholynesterase activity. Best anti-tyrosinase and anti-amylase activity were obtained with the ethanolic sample. Hexane sample obtained the best anti-glucosidase activity while ethanolic and aqueous samples obtained none. All extracts showed no activity on the MRSA strains tested. Conclusion: The chemical compounds present in Terminalia cattapa leaves extracts would not be responsible for the use made in traditional medicine against infections