THE INFLUENCE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN UNSOCIAL WELFARE VIOLENCE AND RWANDA 1994 GENOCIDE OF TUTSIS: A CASE STUDY OF RADIO STATION

The researcher carried out the study of mass media in unsocial welfare violence in Rwanda genocide of Tutsis of 1994: A case study of Radio station. The research focused on the radio because the majority of the people both literate and illiterate use transistor radios as source of information especially in the period of war. The research was guided by the following objectives: To find out how media influences violence; To find out the factors causing violence in public; To identify the common types of violent behaviour displayed and effects of such violence in society. The Research design was a case study. This was because the researcher wanted to study in depth how the radio stations influenced unsocial welfare behaviour in Rwanda genocide of Tutsis of 1994. The researcher used purposive and random sampling technique when selecting the respondents. It was found out that radio stations used incivility and this incited peoples to violence which led to mass killing. The study also found that there was no direct law forbidding unethical radio presentations in Rwanda. The hypothesis is accepted and concludes that there was sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level of significance, that violent behaviour affects society at all angles. The study recommended that Information might be provided by people, who are experienced in dealing with civil disorders and always able to sort out fact from rumours to avoid confusion.  Article visualizations

Assessing the Use of ICT in Teaching and Learning a Foreign Language in Rwandan Schools: An Example of English in Selected Secondary Schools of Rusizi District

Information Communication and Technology (ICT) is viewed as a tool to make life easier by affecting every aspect of human life. In the field of education, teaching and learning of a foreign language has also been greatly affected. This This study was guided by the following specific objectives: to identify the contribution of ICT in the teaching and learning of a foreign language in selected secondary schools in Rusizi District-Rwanda, to analyse the disadvantages of the misuse of ICT in the teaching and learning of a foreign language and to determine how ICT can be used in the teaching and learning of a foreign language. Data was collected using literature review, observation, interview, and questionnaire. Data from literature review, observation and interview were analyzed and presented in a descriptive manner while data from questionnaire were analyzed and presented in graphs and percentages. The sample were 9 English teachers, 10 parents and 47 students of senior five LKK (Literature in English-Kiswahili and Kinyarwanda) combination from 4 selected schools in Rusizi District. This sample was obtained using the purposive sampling method. The study was guided by Connectivism Learning Theory. The results showed that ICT is an effective tool in teaching vocabulary, grammar, and the four language skills of a foreign language. However, teachers use ICT while teaching writing on 30% and reading on 29% while vocabulary took 22% and speaking 10%. Additionally, teachers and students often use YouTube 80% and seem to ignore other tools such as Meeting Conference Apps. This research has also revealed that if ICT is not used properly, it may harm the teaching and learning process. Therefore, we discussed how ICT should be used in the teaching and learning of a foreign language in Rwanda

First-Order Concatenation Theory with Bounded Quantifiers

We study first-order concatenation theory with bounded quantifiers. We give axiomatizations with interesting properties, and we prove some normal-form results. Finally, we prove a number of decidability and undecidability results.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1804.0636

Prevalence, Indications, Levels and Outcome Limb amputations at University Teaching Hospital-Butare in Rwanda

Background: Amputation is one of the oldest surgical procedures with artificial limbs identified from over 2000 years ago. Amputation is still often viewed as a failure of treatment but can be the treatment of choice and life saving procedure for severe trauma, vascular disease and tumors. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, indications and levels of limb amputation at the University Teaching Hospital Butare (UTH-B) from 1st January 2009 to 31st March, 2012.Methods: The records of 107 limb amputations performed in patients admitted at UTH-B over a period of 2 years and 3 months were reviewed.Results: Out of 3466 operated cases in Surgery Department, there were 107 limb amputations accounting for 3.08% of all operations performed during the study period. Females accounted for 29.9% cases. The mean age was 44.7±21.5 years. The commonest indication was gangrene in43.95% especially dry gangrene with 22.43%.The most common level was below knew amputation (BKA) with 37.38% of cases. The outcome of the 107 patients amputated: 87.9% had uneventful recovery, 7.5% were re-operated and 4.7% died.Conclusion: The prevalence of limb amputation was 3.08% with the commonest indication as gangrenes most often secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Below knee amputation was the most performed  procedure. The majority (87.9%) of the patients had uneventful recovery. The postoperative mortality rate was 4.7%.Key words: Limb, Amputation, Prevalence, Indications, Levels, outcom

REMAINING MOTIVATED DESPITE THE LIMITATIONS: SCIENCE TEACHER'S LEARNING PROPENSITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human life at multilevel and is still a tremendous challenge for all sectors of life without exception to education. To cope  COVID-19 effects in education, online teaching and learning was adopted. This study explored how science teachers’ learning remained motivated to teach, despite all the limitations they encountered and endured during the COVID-19 pandemic. This work was carried out in developing county such as Indonesia, Rwanda, Cambodia and Paraguay. The study examines how science teachers’ in developing country have faced obstacle, and meanwhile, despite this, they are still trying their hardest to stay focused on achieving their personal goals during the pandemic. This research is geared by descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected in series of online survey with thirty nine teachers cross the developing country.  The results showed that the science teachers’ learning with e-learning was less effective because not all teachers and parents of students understood the internet. During the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers are highly required to develop e-learning science learning that can help achieve learning goals, so that e-learning can satisfy all parties, and can reduce its negative impact. Science learning with e-learning can foster educators in mastering digital technology

CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING IN THE ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS)

In the context of EFL teaching and learning processes, the study sought to: (1) characterize the form of code switching; (2) characterize the causative factors of code switching; (3) characterize the form of code mixing; and (4) characterize the causative factors of code mixing (a sociolinguistic analysis). Year two semester two for students pursuing Bachelor of Arts with Education in Kibogora Polytechnic took part in this study. Data cards and recording devices were employed as research instruments. Recording and transcription techniques are used in the data collection process. The study's findings showed that code-switching occurs in EFL teaching and learning processes when students convert from Kinyarwanda to English (external form) and from English to Kinyarwanda (internal form). On the other hand, word, phrase, and sentence-level code mixing occurs. The speaker's objectives and purpose, the speech environment, the presence of a third party, changing the subject, and the speaker's personality are the elements that cause code-switching. In the meantime, limited code usage, habits, function and purpose, and elements about speakers' multilingualism are what lead to code-mixing.  Article visualizations

Applicability of Ottawa ankle rules in predicting the need for radiography in ankle and midfoot injuries in Rwanda

Objective: To assess the applicability of Ottawa Ankle Rules in predicting the need for the radiography in ankle and midfoot injuries in Rwanda.Design: This was a prospective multicenter cross-sectional study carried over a 6 month duration, from May 2018 to October 2018.Setting: University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-Kigali), Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH) and King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (KFH-K).Patients and methods: Adult patients presenting with acute ankle and midfoot injuries at the emergencies of three referral hospitals in Kigali. Patients were examined using OARs and underwent radiography to rule out the presence or absence of the fracture.Results: A total of 196 patients from three referral hospitals in Kigali were enrolled in the study. The sensitivity and specificity of the OARs were 97.9% and 35.8% respectively.Conclusion: In this study, Ottawa Ankle Rules have high sensitivity and low specificity; however, it showed high false positive values due to high sensitivity of the test. When properly applied, Ottawa Ankle Rules can decrease the number of unnecessary ankle or midfoot radiographs and limiting the waiting time in acute settings in Rwanda. Key words: Ottawa ankle rules, Radiography, Applicability, Validatio