Farming in the European Union: from organic to sustainable. An assessment of a legal transition based on land stewardship and participatory guarantee systems

The conventional agricultural production system is not sustainable. Organic agriculture is assumed to be sustainable from the environmental perspective, and its production and labelling has been regulated in the European Union (EU). The EU organic regime has been challenged by proponents of agroecology, a philosophy that merges agriculture and ecology and considers environmental and social aspects. Some other initiatives at the local and regional level propose different ways of producing food sustainably. In 2015, a Spanish environmental NGO called RCTCMM launched a market of products coming from land stewardship (LS) agreements certified with participatory guarantee systems (PGSs), claiming it to be a sustainable alternative to the products certified as EU organic. Using strong/weak and soft-path/hard-path sustainability frameworks I analyse the sustainability features of the EU organic regime, agroecology, LS, and PGSs from the environmental and social points of view. I also do a SWOT analysis on the implementation of RCTCMM’s project. My analysis finds: 1) the EU organic regime is not sustainable because it does not take into account important local and global environmental impacts, and leaves out of the market responsible farmers who cannot compete in the global markets, afford the cost of certification, or participate in the selection of the certification criteria; 2) agroecology is a strong sustainability, soft-path solution from both social and environmental dimensions; 3) LS and PGSs can solve some of the current EU organic regime’s sustainability issues, with multifunctional agriculture, short commercial channels, and inclusiveness and participation of farmers in the certification process; and 4) RCTCMM’s project needs to improve some organisational aspects for the successful implementation of their initiative in Spain, although there are other external risks that require changes at the EU-level to dissipate. Using transition theory, I offer three legal transitions towards a less unsustainable EU regime: A) a ‘patch’ to the current EU organic regime with an update of the current criteria and the allowance of group certification; B) a parallel alternative system of incentives for initiatives like PGSs and LS; and C) a reform of the whole EU agricultural regime conforming to agroecological principles. I suggest Option B because it is a strong sustainability alternative and it is the easiest to implement considering the transaction costs involved in the other two

Multi-objective optimization of the geometry of a double wishbone suspension system

The vehicle suspension system optimal design problem is multi-objective, has a hierarchical multi-level structure and presents couplings with the rest of the vehicle design. Moreover, many of the vehicle performances are dependent of the suspension system, specifically on its geometry. For this reason, it is desirable to develop a strategy in which the geometry of the suspension system is automatically generated with optimal characteristics. For this type of problems, the Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) brings a powerful optimization strategy that permits the management of a complex optimal design problem in a partitioned manner. This work proposes a new approach for the automatic optimal geometry generation of the suspension system of the vehicle, the development of the optimization problem in order to use the ATC optimization strategy and a case study in which a full-scale functional prototype is designed with the use of the developed tools

Pautas para la organizacion y composicion de Escritos Cientificos

La conferencia tuvo como finalidad proporcionar al docente universitario de Santo Domingo de Guzmán las pautas fundamentales de organización y composición de escritos científicos. Nuestro propósito fue comprometer al docente para que dichas pautas se constituyan en herramientas permanentes del ejercicio didáctico. De modo que el estudiante se familiarice y haga suyo estos lineamientos, como parte de su actuar en el cumplimiento eficiente de sus tareas académicas e investigativas. Los estudiantes universitarios requieren de un asesoramiento planificado para el éxito de sus aprendizajes y afinamiento de sus destrezas, en el uso y aplicación correcta, en la organización y composición de sus trabajos. Palabras Clave: Escritos científicos, organización, composición, cuadros, tablas, figuras, citas, abreviaturas latinas

Proteccion a la Salud en Chile, derecho real o aparente?

72 p.La salud es un tema de interés general presente en cada etapa de la vida de las personas, por esto, no solo la medicina se ha ocupado de ella, sino también el derecho, por medio de la creación de distintas Leyes tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, que permitan su protección. La salud es un derecho que requiere para subsistir, un sistema sanitario que garantice a todos por igual un oportuno y completo acceso a la salud. El Estado es el responsable de garantizar este derecho evitando su vulneración, estableciendo mecanismos de acción, en caso de existir una violación a este derecho fundamental. Nuestra Constitución, considera el Derecho a la Salud como un derecho fundamental, estableciéndolo así en el artículo 19 Nº 9. Se intentará definir la realidad de la salud en nuestro país y a nivel internacional, intentando plasmar las dificultades que presenta el Recurso de Protección en salud

Estimation of the lot fraction defective in a finite lot of products with auxiliary quality characteristics

Many companies use sampling plans for the acceptance or rejection of lots of prod-ucts. The final o utcome o f t his d ecision-making p rocess i s b ased o n t he i nspection of a sample of products selected from a lot under inspection, where a quality character-istic is observed. An important parameter of interest related to acceptance sampling for attributes is the proportion of defective items. This parameter is unknown for a given lot of products, but it can be estimated from the aforementioned sample infor-mation. Additional quality characteristics can be observed at the inspection stage. We propose to use this auxiliary information to obtain more accurate estimators of the lot fraction defective at the estimation stage. Various relevant applications of this process are described. For possible scenarios that may arise in practice, the empirical properties of the suggested estimation methods are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations, and desirable results are obtained when there is a strong relationship between the quality characteristic of interest and the auxiliary quality characteristic

Phenotipic integration does not constrain phenotypic plasticity: differential plasticity of traits is associated to their integration across environments

ResearchUnderstanding constraints to phenotypic plasticity is key given its role on the response of organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration, the structure of trait covariation, could limit trait plasticity. However, the relationship between plasticity and integration is far from resolved. Using a database of functional plasticity to drought of a Mediterranean shrub that included 20 ecophysiological traits, we assessed environmentally-induced changes in phenotypic integration and whether integration constrained the expression of plasticity, accounting for the within-environment phenotypic variation of traits. Furthermore, we provide the first test of the association between differential trait plasticity and trait integration across an optimum and a stressful environment. Phenotypic plasticity was positively associated with phenotypic integration in both environments, but this relationship was lost when phenotypic variation was considered. The similarity in the plastic response of two traits predicted their integration across environments, with integrated traits having more similar plasticity. Such variation in the plasticity of traits partly explained the lower phenotypic integration found in the stressful environment. We found no evidence that integration may constitute an internal constraint to plasticity. Rather, we present the first empirical demonstration that differences in plastic responses may involve a major reorganization of the relationships among traits, and challenge the notion that stress generally induces a tighter phenotypeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction

[EN] Understanding the nature of pathogen host interaction may help improve strawberry (Fragaria x anahassa) cultivars. Plant resistance to pathogenic agents usually operates through a complex network of defense mechanisms mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. In strawberry, resistance to a variety of pathogens has been reported to be mostly polygenic and quantitatively inherited, making it difficult to associate molecular markers with disease resistance genes. Colletotrichum acutaturn spp. is a major strawberry pathogen, and completely resistant cultivars have not been reported. Moreover, strawberry defense network components and mechanisms remain largely unknown and poorly understood. Assessment of the strawberry response to C. acutatum included a global transcript analysis, and acidic hormones SA and JA measurements were analyzed after challenge with the pathogen. Induction of transcripts corresponding to the SA and JA signaling pathways and key genes controlling major steps within these defense pathways was detected. Accordingly, SA and JA accumulated in strawberry after infection. Contrastingly, induction of several important SA, JA, and oxidative stress-responsive defense genes, including FaPR1-1, FaLOX2, FaJAR1, FaPDF1, and FaGST1, was not detected, which suggests that specific branches in these defense pathways (those leading to FaPR1-2, FaPR2-1, FaPR2-2, FaAOS, FaPR5, and FaPR10) were activated. Our results reveal that specific aspects in SA and JA dependent signaling pathways are activated in strawberry upon interaction with C. acutatum. Certain described defense-associated transcripts related to these two known signaling pathways do not increase in abundance following infection. This finding suggests new insight into a specific putative molecular strategy for defense against this pathogen.Authors are grateful to Dr. JM Lopez-Aranda (IFAPA-Centro de Churriana) for providing micropropagated strawberry plants and to Nicolas Garcia-Caparros for technical assistance. Authors also want to thank Kevin M. Folta for his insightful comments on the paper. This work was supported by Junta de Andalucia, Spain [Proyectos de Excelencia P07-AGR-02482/P12-AGR-2174, and grants to Grupo-BIO278].Amil-Ruiz, F.; Garrido-Gala, J.; Gadea Vacas, J.; Blanco-Portales, R.; Munoz-Merida, A.; Trelles, O.; De Los Santos, B.... (2016). Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7(1036). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01036S71036Acosta, I. F., & Farmer, E. E. (2010). Jasmonates. The Arabidopsis Book, 8, e0129. doi:10.1199/tab.0129Al-Shahrour, F., Diaz-Uriarte, R., & Dopazo, J. (2004). 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