27 research outputs found

    Deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale : impacts on natural enemy communities and natural pest control

    No full text
    Identifier les leviers permettant de stimuler la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs tout en prĂ©servant la biodiversitĂ© est indispensable pour concevoir des paysages agricoles fonctionnels. A partir d’une mĂ©ta-analyse et d’une Ă©tude empirique reposant sur 42 parcelles viticoles localisĂ©es dans Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer l’impact du dĂ©ploiement de l’agriculture biologique Ă  de large Ă©chelles spatiales sur 1) les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels, 2) les services de rĂ©gulation naturelle, 3) les taux d’infestation par les bioagresseurs. Dans ce travail, nous avons montrĂ© que la proportion d’agriculture biologique est un facteur structurant plus les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels que la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels dans le paysage. De plus, nous avons montrĂ© que les communautĂ©s de bioagresseurs rencontrĂ©es dans les vignes ne sont pas influencĂ©es par la proportion d’agriculture biologique alors qu’elles rĂ©pondent plutĂŽt nĂ©gativement Ă  la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels. Par ailleurs, nous avons montrĂ© que l’agriculture biologique, Ă  l’échelle globale et indĂ©pendamment du type de culture considĂ©rĂ©e est un systĂšme de culture stimulant la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. En viticulture, elle permet de rĂ©duire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, comparĂ© Ă  l’agriculture conventionnelle. Enfin, nos analyses ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu’au-delĂ  de la diffĂ©rence de systĂšmes de culture, un certain nombre de facteurs locaux (e.g., Ăąge des parcelles, frĂ©quence de traitements, productivitĂ©) permettent d’expliquer la structure des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et des services de rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. Tout en produisant des connaissances sur les processus permettant d’expliquer les assemblages des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et les niveaux de services de rĂ©gulation rendus, notre travail suggĂšre des pistes pour l’amĂ©nagement des paysages viticoles permettant de concilier prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et maximisation des rĂ©gulations naturelles.Identifying landscape context and farming systems that enhance natural pest control while maintaining biodiversity is crucial to design functional agricultural landscapes. Using a meta-analysis and an empiric study based on 42 vineyards in Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), we investigated the effect of the deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale on 1) natural enemy communities, 2) natural pest control and 3) pest infestation levels. Here, we showed that the proportion of organic farming structured more natural enemy communities than the proportion of semi-natural habitats. On the opposite, pest and pathogen infestations were never influenced by the proportion of organic farming while they were negatively influenced by the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Furthermore, at a global scale and for every crop types, organic farming, per se, enhances natural pest control. In viticulture, it is less dependent of synthetic agrochemicals than conventional farming. Moreover, local factors such as the treatment frequency index, the field age and the crop productivity had important effects on natural enemy communities and natural pest control. Finally, we yielded knowledge on processes that impact natural enemy assembly and natural pest control in agrosystems. For vineyards-dominated landscapes, our work suggests some tracks for landscape planning that support biodiversity conservation and natural pest control

    DĂ©ploiement de l’agriculture biologique Ă  l’échelle du paysage : impacts sur les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et les services de rĂ©gulation des bioagresseurs

    No full text
    Identifier les leviers permettant de stimuler la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs tout en prĂ©servant la biodiversitĂ© est indispensable pour concevoir des paysages agricoles fonctionnels. A partir d’une mĂ©ta-analyse et d’une Ă©tude empirique reposant sur 42 parcelles viticoles localisĂ©es dans Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer l’impact du dĂ©ploiement de l’agriculture biologique Ă  de large Ă©chelles spatiales sur 1) les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels, 2) les services de rĂ©gulation naturelle, 3) les taux d’infestation par les bioagresseurs. Dans ce travail, nous avons montrĂ© que la proportion d’agriculture biologique est un facteur structurant plus les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels que la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels dans le paysage. De plus, nous avons montrĂ© que les communautĂ©s de bioagresseurs rencontrĂ©es dans les vignes ne sont pas influencĂ©es par la proportion d’agriculture biologique alors qu’elles rĂ©pondent plutĂŽt nĂ©gativement Ă  la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels. Par ailleurs, nous avons montrĂ© que l’agriculture biologique, Ă  l’échelle globale et indĂ©pendamment du type de culture considĂ©rĂ©e est un systĂšme de culture stimulant la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. En viticulture, elle permet de rĂ©duire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, comparĂ© Ă  l’agriculture conventionnelle. Enfin, nos analyses ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu’au-delĂ  de la diffĂ©rence de systĂšmes de culture, un certain nombre de facteurs locaux (e.g., Ăąge des parcelles, frĂ©quence de traitements, productivitĂ©) permettent d’expliquer la structure des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et des services de rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. Tout en produisant des connaissances sur les processus permettant d’expliquer les assemblages des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et les niveaux de services de rĂ©gulation rendus, notre travail suggĂšre des pistes pour l’amĂ©nagement des paysages viticoles permettant de concilier prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et maximisation des rĂ©gulations naturelles

    DĂ©ploiement de l’agriculture biologique Ă  l’échelle du paysage : impacts sur les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et les services de rĂ©gulation des bioagresseurs

    No full text
    Identifying landscape context and farming systems that enhance natural pest control while maintaining biodiversity is crucial to design functional agricultural landscapes. Using a meta-analysis and an empiric study based on 42 vineyards in Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), we investigated the effect of the deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale on 1) natural enemy communities, 2) natural pest control and 3) pest infestation levels. Here, we showed that the proportion of organic farming structured more natural enemy communities than the proportion of semi-natural habitats. On the opposite, pest and pathogen infestations were never influenced by the proportion of organic farming while they were negatively influenced by the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Furthermore, at a global scale and for every crop types, organic farming, per se, enhances natural pest control. In viticulture, it is less dependent of synthetic agrochemicals than conventional farming. Moreover, local factors such as the treatment frequency index, the field age and the crop productivity had important effects on natural enemy communities and natural pest control. Finally, we yielded knowledge on processes that impact natural enemy assembly and natural pest control in agrosystems. For vineyards-dominated landscapes, our work suggests some tracks for landscape planning that support biodiversity conservation and natural pest control.Identifier les leviers permettant de stimuler la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs tout en prĂ©servant la biodiversitĂ© est indispensable pour concevoir des paysages agricoles fonctionnels. A partir d’une mĂ©ta-analyse et d’une Ă©tude empirique reposant sur 42 parcelles viticoles localisĂ©es dans Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer l’impact du dĂ©ploiement de l’agriculture biologique Ă  de large Ă©chelles spatiales sur 1) les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels, 2) les services de rĂ©gulation naturelle, 3) les taux d’infestation par les bioagresseurs. Dans ce travail, nous avons montrĂ© que la proportion d’agriculture biologique est un facteur structurant plus les communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels que la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels dans le paysage. De plus, nous avons montrĂ© que les communautĂ©s de bioagresseurs rencontrĂ©es dans les vignes ne sont pas influencĂ©es par la proportion d’agriculture biologique alors qu’elles rĂ©pondent plutĂŽt nĂ©gativement Ă  la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels. Par ailleurs, nous avons montrĂ© que l’agriculture biologique, Ă  l’échelle globale et indĂ©pendamment du type de culture considĂ©rĂ©e est un systĂšme de culture stimulant la rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. En viticulture, elle permet de rĂ©duire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, comparĂ© Ă  l’agriculture conventionnelle. Enfin, nos analyses ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu’au-delĂ  de la diffĂ©rence de systĂšmes de culture, un certain nombre de facteurs locaux (e.g., Ăąge des parcelles, frĂ©quence de traitements, productivitĂ©) permettent d’expliquer la structure des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et des services de rĂ©gulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. Tout en produisant des connaissances sur les processus permettant d’expliquer les assemblages des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et les niveaux de services de rĂ©gulation rendus, notre travail suggĂšre des pistes pour l’amĂ©nagement des paysages viticoles permettant de concilier prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et maximisation des rĂ©gulations naturelles

    Community Ecology, Food Webs and Natural Pest Control

    No full text
    International audienceNatural pest control results from ecological functions like predation or parasitism. Such functions are supplied by an array of natural enemies embedded in a large community of interacting species. In this chapter, we discuss the extent to which natural enemy composition affects pest demography and we highlight the importance of considering how species interact with each other to understand the processes behind pest control. More specifically, we emphasize the importance of identifying the emergence of positive or detrimental interactions in trophic networks by combining both horizontal and vertical approaches. In addition, we show that knowledge of community assembly rules across agricultural landscape scales is in its infancy and that the relative contributions of stochastic and deterministic processes on natural enemy assemblages remain poorly understood. For these reasons, we argue that community ecology and network ecology should help us enhance natural pest control services within agricultural landscapes

    Ecologie des communautés, réseaux trophiques et régulation naturelle

    No full text
    International audienceTypes d’interaction au sein des communautĂ©s et rĂ©gulation naturelle.Relations entre diversitĂ© horizontale des communautĂ©s d’ennemis naturels et rĂ©gulation naturelle.Effet de la diversitĂ© verticale des communautĂ©s sur les niveaux de rĂ©gulation naturelle.MĂ©tacommunautĂ©s et Ă©cologie du paysage

    Organic farming at local and landscape scales fosters biological pest control in vineyards

    No full text
    While organic farming practices, which are often promoted as models of ecological intensification, generally enhance biodiversity, their effects on the delivery of ecosystem services, such as biological pest control, are still unknown. Here, using a multi-scale hierarchical design in southwestern France, we examined the effects of organic farming and seminatural habitats at the local and landscape scales on biological control services of three pests, including weeds and insects, in 42 vineyards. Organic farming at the local and landscape scales was beneficial to the mean and temporal stability of biological control services, while the proportion of seminatural habitats in the landscape reduced the level of biological pest control potential. The effects of organic farming and seminatural habitats across spatial scales varied with the type of prey considered and with time. Egg moth removal rates were higher in fields under organic management compared to conventional management while weed seed removal rates increased with the proportion of organic farming in the landscape. Larval removal rates as well as seed removal rates were always more stable within time in organic fields than in conventional fields. Moreover, independently of farming system type, local variables describing the agricultural management intensity, such as pesticide use or crop productivity, were also found to be important variables explaining levels of biological control services. Pesticide use tended to reduce biological control potential, while crop productivity was associated with contrasting biological control responses depending on the pest type. Our study demonstrates the need to target multiple spatial scales and to consider farming practices, as well as the proportion of seminatural habitats, to design functional landscapes that optimize biological pest control services

    Deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale maintains low pest infestation and high crop productivity levels in vineyards

    No full text
    <strong>1-</strong> Organic farming is a promising way to reduce pesticide use but increasing the area under organic farming at the landscape scale could increase pest infestations and reduce crop productivity. Examining the effects of organic farming at multiple spatial scales and in different landscape contexts on pest communities and crop productivity is a major step in the ecological intensification of agricultural systems. <strong>2-</strong> We quantified the infestation levels of two pathogens and five arthropod pests, the intensity of pesticide use and crop productivity in 42 vineyards. Using a multi-scale hierarchical design, we unravelled the relative effects of organic farming at both field and landscape scales from the effects of semi-natural habitats in the landscape. <strong>3-</strong> At the field scale, pest communities did not differ between organic and conventional farming systems. At the landscape scale, increasing the area under organic farming did not increase pest infestation levels. <strong>4-</strong> Three out of seven pest taxa were affected both by local farming systems and the proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape. Our findings revealed that the proportion of semi-natural habitats reduced pest infestation for two out of seven pest taxa. <strong>5-</strong> Organic vineyards had much lower treatment intensities, very similar levels of pest control and equal crop productivity levels. <strong>6-</strong> Synthesis and Applications. Our results clearly indicate that policies promoting the development of organic farming in conventional vineyard landscapes will not lead to greater pest and disease infestations but will reduce the pesticide treatment intensity and maintain crop productivity. Moreover, the interactions between semi-natural habitats in landscape and local farming practices suggest that the deployment of organic farming should be adapted to landscape contexts

    Reducing pest pressure and insecticide use by increasing hedgerows in the landscape

    No full text
    International audienceHighlights: ‱ Insecticide use across 557 French farms that included winter wheat in their crop rotation was examined ‱ Insecticide use increased with pest pressure and field size ‱ Pest pressure increased as the cover of hedgerows in the landscape decreased ‱ Increasing the landscape-scale cover of hedgerows from 1 % to 3 % halved insecticide useAbstract: Reducing pesticide use while maintaining agricultural production is a key challenge. Ecological theory predicts that landscape simplification is likely to increase insect pest outbreaks and limit their control by natural enemies, and this situation could boost insecticide use. Some studies have indeed detected that simpler landscapes were associated with higher insecticide use, but very few have demonstrated that this association is caused by landscape effects on pest abundance. Here, we analysed insecticide use and pest pressure in response to landscape simplification across 557 arable farms across France. Accounting for potentially confounding covariates, we found that lower cover of hedgerows in the landscape, but not semi natural areas, were associated with higher on-farm insecticide use. We also found that greater hedgerow coverage was associated with lower aphid pest pressure. Specifically, increasing the landscape-scale cover of hedgerows from 1 % to 3 % meant that insecticide use was halved. These findings suggest that restoring hedgerow cover at the landscape scale should be targeted in order to speed-up the ecological intensification of agriculture.Graphical abstract: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048969724003176-ga1.jp
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