14 research outputs found
IKZF1/3 and CRL4-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase mutations and IMiD resistance in multiple myeloma
The work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO216), the IZKF, the
BTHA and the CDW Stiftung (KMK). UM was supported by a grant of the German Excellence
Initiative to the Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg.S
Funktionelle Analyse onkogener Läsionen beim Multiplen Myelom mit potenzieller Bedeutung für einen refraktären Krankheitsverlauf
Despite the advancement in the treatment from genotoxic drugs to more targeted therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable. MM is known for its complex genetic heterogeneity as different genetic lesion accrue over the course of the disease. The current work focuses on the functional analysis of genetic lesions found at the time of diagnosis and relapse and their potential role regarding therapy response and refractory disease. Genetic lesions involving tumor suppressor gene TP53, are found at diagnosis and tend to accrue during disease progression. Different types of mono- and biallelic TP53 alterations were emulated in the AMO1 cell line model, were functionally characterized and tested for their potential role in therapy response. Both types of single hit TP53 alteration (deletion 17p and TP53 point mutations) were found to have similar adverse effects on the functionality of the p53 system and response to genotoxic drugs which were completely abolished in the case of double hit TP53 alterations (no p53 expression, or mutant overexpression in wild type TP53 deletion background). Whereas, sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors remained unaltered. Using the clonal competition assay (CCA), single TP53 hit clones were found to have a fitness advantage over wildtype cells. Proliferative cell fitness was further enhanced in double hit TP53 clones, as they dominated wildtype and single hit TP53 clones in the CCA. Presence of external selection pressure in the form of low dose melphalan expedited the intrinsic fitness advantage. Alterations found in CUL4B, a component of CRL4-CRBN protein complex, a target of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), were also functionally analyzed in the current study. Hotspot mutations and mutations found in IMiDs refractory patients were modelized in L363 cells and their role in IMiDs sensitivity was studied. CUL4B mutations were found not to be involved in providing lenalidomide resistance to the cell, whereas knocking CUL4B out was observed to provide negative fitness to the cells in CCA. In the presence of external selection pressure, these clones showed fitness, which was lost in the case of lenalidomide withdrawal. This shows that some alterations may play a role in refractory patients only in the presence of therapy, and as soon as therapy is discontinued, these altered clones may disappear such as clones with alterations in CUL4B. On the other hand, some alterations provide drug-independent intrinsic positive fitness, however, be further enhanced by drug exposure, such as seen in case of TP53 altered clones. Therefore, close monitoring and functional analysis of evolving clones is desired during disease progression, as it can be helpful in therapeutic guidance to achieve a better outcome for patients.Das Multiple Myelom (MM) ist im Normalfall eine unheilbare Erkrankung, trotz etlicher Fortschritte hinsichtlich der Behandlung, angefangen von genotoxischen Medikamenten bis hin zu zielgerichteten Therapien. Eine komplexe genetische Heterogenität, bei der sich Läsionen im Verlauf der Krankheit ansammeln, ist typisch für das MM. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der funktionellen Analyse von genetischen Läsionen zum Erstdiagnose-Zeitpunkt bzw. Rezidiv und ihrer potenziellen Bedeutung bezüglich des Ansprechens auf die Therapie und einer refraktären Verlaufsform. Genetische Veränderungen des Tumorsuppressorgens TP53 sind mitunter schon bei der Erst-Diagnose nachweisbar und nehmen im Krankheitsverlauf weiter zu. Deshalb wurden verschiedene mono- und biallelische TP53 Mutationen in AMO1 Zelllinien-Modellen nachgebildet, funktionell charakterisiert und auf ihre potenzielle Rolle im Therapie-Ansprechen getestet. Dabei wurden für beide Formen von single hit TP53 Alterationen (17p Deletionen und TP53 Punktmutationen) ähnlich nachteilige Effekte auf die Funktionalität des p53 Systems und das Ansprechen auf genotoxische Medikation gefunden. Im Falle von double hit TP53 Alterationen (keinerlei p53 Expression oder aber hohe Spiegel von mutiertem p53 bei TP53 wildtype deletierem Hintergrund) wurden diese Effekte noch weiter verstärkt. Die Sensitivität gegenüber Proteasom-Inhibitoren blieb indessen unbeeinträchtigt. Mithilfe des Clonal Competition Assays (CCA), wurde festgestellt, dass single hit TP53 Klone gegenüber wildtypischen Zellen einen Fitnessvorteil haben. In double hit TP53 Klonen war die proliferative Zell-Fitness zu dem gesteigert, sodass diese über wildtypische und single hit TP53 Klone im CCA dominierten. Die Anwesenheit eines externen Selektionsdrucks in Form von Niedrigdosis-Melphalan verstärkte zusätzlich den intrinsischen Fitnessvorteil. Aberrationen in CUL4B, einer Untereinheit des CRL4-CRBN Protein Komplexes, dem Angriffspunkt der Immunmodulatoren (IMiDs), wurden in dieser Studie ebenfalls funktionell analysiert. Hotspot Mutationen und solche Mutationen, die gehäuft in IMiD refraktären Patienten auftreten, wurden in L363 Zellen modelliert und hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf die IMiD Sensitivität untersucht. CUL4B Mutationen waren nicht in Lenalidomid-Resistenz involviert, ein Knockout von CUL4B äußerte sich aber in einer negativen Allgemeinzustand der Zellen im CCA. In Anwesenheit eines externen Selektionsdrucks, zeigten diese Klone einen Fitnessvorteil, der wieder verloren ging, wenn kein Lenalidomid mehr zugegeben wurde. Dies zeigt, dass manche Alterationen nur dann eine Rolle in refraktären Patienten zu spielen scheinen, wenn diese therapiert werden. Sobald die Therapie eingestellt oder unterbrochen wird, könnten solche Klone verschwinden wie z.B. CUL4B-Alterationen. Auf der anderen Seite bedingen manche Veränderungen wiederum einen Medikamenten-unabhängigen, intrinsisch Fitnessvorteil, der jedoch durch Medikamenten-Exposition noch zusätzlich verstärkt werden kann, wie beispielweise bei TP53 mutierten Klonen. Daher ist eine engmaschige Überwachung während der Krankheits-Progression sowie eine funktionelle Analyse der sich entwickelnden Klone wünschenswert. Dies könnte für die therapeutische Beratung hilfreich sein um somit ein besseres Behandlungsergebnis für die Patienten zu erzielen
Computational modeling and functional characterization of a GgChi: A class III chitinase from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus
The present study describes the predicted model and functional characterization of an endochitinase (30 kDa) from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus. ESI-QTOF-MS generated peptide showed 96% sequence homology with family 18, Class III acidic endochitinase of Gladiolus gandavensis. Purified G. grandiflorus chitinase (GgChi) hydrolyzed 4-methylumbelliferyl b-DN, N0,N00-triacetylchitotriose substrate showing specific endochitinase activity. Since no structural details of GgChi were available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a homology model was predicted using the coordinate information of Crocus vernus chitinase (PDB ID: 3SIM). Ramachandran plot indicated 84.5% in most favored region, 14.8% in additional and 0.6% in generously allowed region while no residue in disallowed region. The predicted structure indicated a highly conserved (b/a)8 (TIM barrel) structure similar to the family 18, class III chitinases. The GgChi also showed sequence and structural homologies with other active chitinases. The GgChi (50 mg/disc) showed no antibacterial activity, but did provide mild growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum at a concentration of 500 mg/well Similarly, insect toxicity bioassays of GgChi (50 mg) against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci showed 14% reduction in adult emergence and 14% increase in mortality rate in comparison to control values. The GgChi (1.5 mg) protein showed significant reduction in a population of flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) after 35 days, but lower reactivity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The results of this study provide detai.led insight on functional characterization of a family 18 class III acidic plant endochitinase
Marine bioactives: potentials to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disorders
Marine organisms are primary source of bioactive compounds for nutraceuticals industries. These bioactives can be extracted from different marine sources including animals and plants. These compounds are considered as safer alternatives to some existing synthetic drugs as they exhibit significant biological properties which contribute to their nutraceutical potential. In the present scenario, some marine derived bioactive compounds are being marketed as good and safer drugs for health and some of them are subjected under advance investigation in clinical trials. Marine bioactives include peptides, fatty acids, carbohydrates especially sulfated polysaccharides (SPs). These are useful in food industries and perform the healing functions like anti-hyperlipedimic, antioxidant, antidiabetic and these all functions contribute towards cardiac protection. Current review focuses the recent research on bioactives from different marine sources to protect one's cardiac health
Phytosterol: nutritional significance, health benefits, and its uses in poultry and livestock nutrition
Medicinal plants with active ingredients have shown great potential as natural and sustainable
additives in livestock and poultry diets as growth promoters, performance, feed conversion
ratio, digestibility of nutrient enhancers, and antioxidants and immune system modulators.
Among active ingredients, phytosterols, which are plant-based bio-factors that may be found
in seeds, fruits, grains, vegetables and legumes, are thought to be involved in the aforementioned activities but are also widely known in human medicine due to their efficacy in treating diabetes, coronary heart disease, and tumors. Nevertheless, phytosterols can also promote carcinogens production, angiogenesis inhibition, metastasis, infiltration, and cancer cells proliferation. This review focuses on the deepening of the biological role and health benefits of phytosterols and their new potential application in poultry and livestock nutrition
CXCR4 expression of multiple myeloma as a dynamic process: influence of therapeutic agents
Computational modeling and functional characterization of a GgChi: A class III chitinase from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus
The present study describes the predicted model and functional characterization of an endochitinase (30 kDa) from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus. ESI-QTOF-MS generated peptide showed 96% sequence homology with family 18, Class III acidic endochitinase of Gladiolus gandavensis. Purified G. grandiflorus chitinase (GgChi) hydrolyzed 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-N,N′,N′′-triacetylchitotriose substrate showing specific endochitinase activity. Since no structural details of GgChi were available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a homology model was predicted using the coordinate information of Crocus vernus chitinase (PDB ID: 3SIM). Ramachandran plot indicated 84.5% in most favored region, 14.8% in additional and 0.6% in generously allowed region while no residue in disallowed region. The predicted structure indicated a highly conserved (β/α)8 (TIM barrel) structure similar to the family 18, class III chitinases. The GgChi also showed sequence and structural homologies with other active chitinases. The GgChi (50 μg/disc) showed no antibacterial activity, but did provide mild growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum at a concentration of 500 μg/well Similarly, insect toxicity bioassays of GgChi (50 μg) against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci showed 14% reduction in adult emergence and 14% increase in mortality rate in comparison to control values. The GgChi (1.5 mg) protein showed significant reduction in a population of flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) after 35 days, but lower reactivity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The results of this study provide detai.led insight on functional characterization of a family 18 class III acidic plant endochitinase. Keywords: Gladiolus grandiflorus, Endochitinase, TIM barrel, Antibacterial, Antifunga
CIC Mutation as a Molecular Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Combined BRAF‐MEK Inhibition in Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma with Central Nervous System Involvement
Combined MEK‐BRAF inhibition is a well‐established treatment strategy in BRAF‐mutated cancer, most prominently in malignant melanoma with durable responses being achieved through this targeted therapy. However, a subset of patients face primary unresponsiveness despite presence of the activating mutation at position V600E, and others acquire resistance under treatment. Underlying resistance mechanisms are largely unknown, and diagnostic tests to predict tumor response to BRAF‐MEK inhibitor treatment are unavailable.
Multiple myeloma represents the second most common hematologic malignancy, and point mutations in BRAF are detectable in about 10% of patients. Targeted inhibition has been successfully applied, with mixed responses observed in a substantial subset of patients mirroring the widespread spatial heterogeneity in this genomically complex disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is an extremely rare, extramedullary form of multiple myeloma that can be diagnosed in less than 1% of patients. It is considered an ultimate high‐risk feature, associated with unfavorable cytogenetics, and, even with intense treatment applied, survival is short, reaching less than 12 months in most cases. Here we not only describe the first patient with an extramedullary CNS relapse responding to targeted dabrafenib and trametinib treatment, we furthermore provide evidence that a point mutation within the capicua transcriptional repressor (CIC) gene mediated the acquired resistance in this patient