El Socinianismo, el islam y los usos radicales de la erudición árabe

Socinianism —or, broader: anti-trinitarianism— was often paralleled to Islam: both the Christian heresy and the Muslim religion reject the doctrine of the Trinity and regard Jesus only as a prophet, not as a god. There are indeed numerous historical connections between both currents. From Michael Servetus onward, the Qur’ān and islamic writings had an impact on the emerging Socinian critique. Antitrinitarians tried to establish a historical genealogy from early (Ebionite) Christianity through Islam (which preserved the true monotheistic idea) to the present. They often took their knowledge from much more orthodox Christian Arabist scholarship, which provided e.g. translations of passages from al-Qarāfī’s critique of St. Paul. Moreover, some bold writers like Aubert de Versé even proposed a historical-critical approach to the text of the Qur’ān, having in mind the model of Richard Simon’s historical criticism of the Old Testament.El socinianismo, o más ampliamente el antitrinitarismo, fue comparado muchas veces con el islam: tanto la herejía cristiana como la religión musulmana rechazan la doctrina de la Trinidad y consideran que Jesús fue tan solo un profeta y no un dios. De hecho, hay numerosos vínculos históricos entre las dos corrientes. Desde Miguel Servet, el Corán y las escrituras islámicas tuvieron un gran impacto en la crítica emergente sociniana. Los antitrinitarios intentaron establecer una genealogía histórica que iba desde el primer cristianismo de los ebionitas hasta el presente, pasando por el islam (que preservó la verdadera idea monoteísta). A menudo los antitrinitarios adquirieron sus conocimientos de las obras mucho más ortodoxas de los arabistas cristianos, que incluían, por ejemplo, traducciones de pasajes sacados de la crítica a San Pablo de al-Qarāfi. Además, algunos escritores atrevidos, como Aubert de Versé, propusieron incluso un enfoque histórico-crítico para el texto del Corán basándose en el modelo de la crítica histórica del Antiguo Testamento de Richard Simon

Agglutination and Colloidal Reactions

Many theories have been advanced in explaining the cause of the clumping and precipitation of bacteria by their immune serum. It is generally known that the presence of salt solution is also necessary. In many text books of bacteriology the statement is made that acids and alkalis inhibit the agglutination reaction, but amounts necessary to do this are not given. It has been observed in the present work that alkalis have a stronger inhibiting action than acids. Ammonium hydroxide has very little effect as compared to sodium or potassium hydroxide. The weak acids however have as strong an inhibiting action as the stronger acids. Lactic and butyric acids inhibit in high dilutions

FT-IR Method for the Quantification of Isoflavonol Glycosides in Nutritional Supplements of Soy (Glycine max (L.) MERR.)

Due to increasing health consciousness, a lot of food supplements are sold and used. Dietary supplements of Glycine max (L.) MERR. are used as an alternative treatment for menopausal complaints such as hot flashes. Thereby, the effective soy compounds are the isoflavones daidzin, genistin, and glycitin. However, only the total soy extract content of the nutritional supplements is indicated. The aim of this study is to introduce a fast, efficient, and economic Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy method to quantify the active ingredients in the complex matrix of soy-based supplements. Five different nutritional supplements of Glycine max (L.) MERR. were purchased from a German pharmacy and were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the separation. The samples were concentrated and measured with infrared spectroscopy. An FT-IR method was established to quantify the active ingredients in the complex matrix of soy-based nutritional supplements. The partial least-squares algorithm was used to develop the method, which enabled the estimation of the content of particular isoflavones (daidzin R² = 0.86, glycitin R² = 0.94, genistin R² = 0.96) and the quantification of the total isoflavone content (R² = 0.92) despite peak overlap in the infrared (IR) spectra. The method for the quantification of the isoflavonol glycosides is precise with the standard error of prediction being 13.54%

Production of Hydrogen Sulphide by Members of the Colon Group of Bacteria

Not a little work has been done in the past few years in investigating the sulphur metabolism of the colon group of bacteria. So far no very definite conclusions seem to have been arrived at, and the results are rather conflicting. Myers (1920) suggests that hydrogen sulphide production in the intestinal tract is due to proteolytic organisms. He attempted to use hydrogen sulphide production for water analysis, but concludes: There is no constant relationship between the number of colon bacilli present from different animals and the amount of H2S produced. Other workers have believed the production of hydrogen sulphide in the intestinal tract to be due to the action of B. coli on traces of systine present. B coli is not generally considered a producer of this gas from peptone. Sasaki and Otuska (1912), Berger (1914), and Tanner (1917) report B. coli as giving hydrogen sulphide from cystine

Elemente einer globalisierten Ideengeschichte der Vormoderne

Zusammenfassung „Globale Ideengeschichte“ ist ein neues Feld, das noch auf der Suche nach fruchtbaren methodischen Ansätzen ist. Dieser Aufsatz geht von der Frage aus, wie die kulturgeschichtliche Grundierung der Ideengeschichte auch bei einer Ausweitung der Ideengeschichte auf globale Kontexte erhalten werden kann. Der Vorschlag: Eine Aufmerksamkeit für das Referenzverhalten in der Globalisierung, nämlich die Bezugnahme auf räumlich und zeitlich weit Entferntes. Gerade für die Vormoderne mit ihren Expansionen ins Ungewisse sind da interessante Phänomene zu konstatieren: Fehlreichweiten der Referenz, wenn das entdeckte Land in Wirklichkeit ein anderes ist als intendiert, wenn der verehrte Autor in Wirklichkeit aus einer viel jüngeren Zeit stammt als geglaubt; Triangulation, wenn das Neue mit Hilfe von Bezügen auf Antikes wahrgenommen wird; die Globalisierung ganzer philosophischer Sprachen, die präjudizieren, wie unbekannte Denkmuster adaptiert werden; schließlich die Verflechtung von intellektuellen Welten durch wechselseitige Missverständnisse und falsche Bezugnahmen. Im Durchgang durch eine Fülle an Forschungsliteratur werden so die Konturen einer integralen und unverkürzten „Global Intellectual History“ sichtbar, die nicht mehr nur Transmissionen beschreibt, die auf das moderne Europa zulaufen, sondern auch transversale Ideenmigrationen ohne europäische Beteiligung, mit Narrativen, die fern von unseren gewohnten Meistererzählungen sind.Abstract Global Intellectual History is a new field, still in search of fruitful methodological approaches. The present article begins by asking how the grounding of the history of ideas in cultural history can be preserved when it is extended to encompass global contexts. My suggestion: an attentive ear to the referential practices in the process of globalization, namely a reference to the remote, both spatial and temporal. Especially in the case of pre-modern times, with their expansions into the unknown, several interesting phenomena can be detected: purviews of false references, when the newly discovered land is in fact not the land it is taken to be, or when a revered author is in fact far more recent than assumed; triangulation, when the New is construed by means of references to the Ancient; the globalization of entire philosophical idioms, which pre-determine how unfamiliar thought patterns are adapted; and finally, the entanglement of intellectual worlds through mutual misunderstanding and false references. A perusal of the rich array of scholarship makes the contours of an integral and unabridged Global Intellectual History clear – a history which is no longer restricted to the description of transmissions flowing into modern Europe, but also gauges transversal migrations of ideas not involving Europe, with narratives which are far removed from our accustomed master-narratives

Optical triangulation on instationary water surfaces

The measurement of water surfaces is a key task in the field of experimental hydromechanics. Established techniques are usually gauge-based and often come with a large instrumental effort and a limited spatial resolution. The paper shows a photogrammetric alternative based on the well-known laser light sheet projection technique. While the original approach is limited to surfaces with diffuse reflection properties, the developed technique is capable of measuring dynamically on reflecting instationary surfaces. Contrary to the traditional way, the laser line is not observed on the object. Instead, using the properties of water, the laser light is reflected on to a set of staggered vertical planes. The resulting laser line is observed by a camera and measured by subpixel operators. A calibration based on known still water levels provides the parameters for the translation of image space measurements into water level and gradient determination in dynamic experiments. As a side-effect of the principle of measuring the reflected laser line rather than the projected one, the accuracy can be improved by almost a factor two. In experiments a standard deviation of 0.03 mm for water level changes could be achieved. The measuring rate corresponds to the frame rate of the camera. A complete measuring system is currently under development for the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW). <br><br> This article shows the basic principle, potential and limitations of the method. Furthermore, several system variants optimised for different requirements are presented. Besides the geometrical models of different levels of complexity, system calibration procedures are described too. The applicability of the techniques and their accuracy potential are shown in several practical tests

Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen nichtenzymatisch glykosylierter Molkenproteine

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der nichtenzymatischen Glykosylierung auf das Denaturierungsverhalten und die funktionellen Eigenschaften von Molkenproteinen, hier im speziellen die emulgierenden Eigenschaften, untersucht. Nach einer Bestimmung technologisch relevante Glykosylierungsgrade sollten in unterschiedlich glykosylierten Molkenproteinpräparaten das Denaturierungsverhalten sowie die Emulgiereigenschaften in Abhängigkeit vom Glykosylierungsgrad mit unterschiedlichen Methoden bestimmt werden. Der aus praktischer Sicht relevante Einfluss der Glykosylierung auf die sensorischen Eigenschaften wurde einerseits in Molkenproteinlösungen und andererseits in einem komplexen System (Modell-Schmelzkäsezubereitung) erfasst. Schließlich galt es, den Einfluss der Glykosylierung auf die Mikrostruktur und die Festigkeit am Beispiel der Modell- Schmelzkäsezubereitung zu untersuchen und daraus unmittelbare Konsequenzen für die technologische Praxis abzuleiten

Desarrollo humano: ciclo vital y educación

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Analysing the operative experience of basic surgical trainees in Ireland using a web-based logbook

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There is concern about the adequacy of operative exposure in surgical training programmes, in the context of changing work practices. We aimed to quantify the operative exposure of all trainees on the National Basic Surgical Training (BST) programme in Ireland and compare the results with arbitrary training targets.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Retrospective analysis of data obtained from a web-based logbook (<url>http://www.elogbook.org</url>) for all general surgery and orthopaedic training posts between July 2007 and June 2009.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>104 trainees recorded 23,918 operations between two 6-month general surgery posts. The most common general surgery operation performed was simple skin excision with trainees performing an average of 19.7 (± 9.9) over the 2-year training programme. Trainees most frequently assisted with cholecystectomy with an average of 16.0 (± 11.0) per trainee. Comparison of trainee operative experience to arbitrary training targets found that 2-38% of trainees achieved the targets for 9 emergency index operations and 24-90% of trainees achieved the targets for 8 index elective operations. 72 trainees also completed a 6-month post in orthopaedics and recorded 7,551 operations. The most common orthopaedic operation that trainees performed was removal of metal, with an average of 2.90 (± 3.27) per trainee. The most common orthopaedic operation that trainees assisted with was total hip replacement, with an average of 10.46 (± 6.21) per trainee.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A centralised web-based logbook provides valuable data to analyse training programme performance. Analysis of logbooks raises concerns about operative experience at junior trainee level. The provision of adequate operative exposure for trainees should be a key performance indicator for training programmes.</p