Significance of occult neoplastic cells on tumor metastasis: a case report of gastric cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Occult neoplastic cells (ONCs) are the tumor cells floating in the lymph node sinuses, distant from the primary tumor, and supposed to be one of most reliable marker of prognosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We report here the case of a 52-year-old woman with a gastric cancer associated by numerous ONCs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Postoperative examination of the stomach disclosed an advanced, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with frequent lymph node metastases. In addition to ONCs and occasional micrometastases, focal aggregates of ONCs, one of the possible intermediate lesions between the ONCs and the usual metastases, are also observed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In the present case, at least some of ONCs seem to form the microaggregates of tumor cells in lymph nodes, anchor in the sinuses, and grow up to the large tumorous lesion. Even if most of the ONCs were trapped and disappeared under the influence of tumor immunity, the detection of ONCs could be one of the reliable clues to estimate the prognosis.</p

Ultra-broadband quantum infrared spectroscopy

新開発の量子もつれ光源により、世界最大の超広帯域量子赤外分光を実現 --広帯域赤外分光の小型・高感度化に貢献--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2024-01-18.Lights, detector, action!: KyotoU develops wider bandwidth quantum infrared spectroscopy. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2024-01-25.Spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region is an indispensable tool for identifying molecular types in various fields, including physics, chemistry, and medical sciences. However, conventional infrared light sources, detectors, and noise from blackbody radiation have been the obstacles to miniaturization and higher sensitivity of infrared spectrometers. Quantum infrared spectroscopy, which uses visible and infrared photon pairs in a quantum entangled state, has attracted attention as a new sensing technology that enables infrared spectroscopy with detectors in the visible range. However, the bandwidth of conventional quantum entangled light sources is at most 1 µm or less, which hinders broadband measurements, which are important in spectroscopic applications. Here we have realized an ultra-broadband entangled state of visible–infrared photons with wavelengths from 2 to 5 µm, harnessing a specially designed nonlinear crystal with chirped poling structure inside. Furthermore, we constructed a nonlinear quantum interferometer using the ultra-broadband quantum entangled photons and realized broadband infrared spectroscopy of inorganic and organic materials using a visible detector made of silicon. Our results show that quantum infrared spectroscopy can achieve ultra-broadband spectroscopic measurements and pave the way for the highly sensitive, ultra-compact infrared spectrometers using quantum entangled photons

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity is involved in the osteoblastic differentiation regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins and tumor necrosis factor-α.

Recent studies have suggested possible adverse effects of thiazolidinediones on bone metabolism. However, the detailed mechanism by which the activity of PPAR affects bone formation has not been elucidated. Impaired osteoblastic function due to cytokines is critical for the progression of inflammatory bone diseases. In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanism by which PPAR actions interact with osteoblast differentiation regulated by BMP and TNF-alpha using mouse myoblastic C2C12 cells. BMP-2 and -4 potently induced the expression of various bone differentiation markers including Runx2, osteocalcin, type-1 collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in C2C12 cells. When administered in combination with a PPAR alpha agonist (fenofibric acid) but not with a PPAR gamma agonist (pioglitazone), BMP-4 enhanced osteoblast differentiation through the activity of PPAR alpha. The osteoblastic changes induced by BMP-4 were readily suppressed by treatment with TNF-alpha. Interestingly, the activities of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists reversed the suppression by TNF-alpha of osteoblast differentiation induced by BMP-4. Furthermore, TNF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs, NF kappa B, I kappa B and Stat pathways was inhibited in the presence of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists with reducing TNF-alpha receptor expression. In view of the finding that inhibition of SAPK/JNK. Stat and NF kappa B pathways reversed the TNF-alpha suppression of osteoblast differentiation, we conclude that these cascades are functionally involved in the actions of PPARs that antagonize TNF-alpha-induced suppression of osteoblast differentiation. It was further discovered that the PPAR alpha agonist enhanced BMP-4-induced Smad1/5/8 signaling through downregulation of inhibitory Smad6/7 expression, whereas the PPAR gamma agonist impaired this activity by suppressing BMPRII expression. On the other hand, BMPs increased the expression levels of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma in the process of osteoblast differentiation. Thus, PPAR alpha actions promote BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation, while both activities of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma suppress TNF-alpha actions. Collectively, our present data establishes that PPAR activities are functionally involved in modulating the interaction between the BMP system and TNF-alpha receptor signaling that is crucial for bone metabolism

Regulation of carotenoid accumulation and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes in citrus juice sacs in vitro

In the present study, to investigate the mechanisms regulating carotenoid accumulation in citrus, a culture system was set up in vitro with juice sacs of three citrus varieties, Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), and Lisbon lemon (Citrus limon Burm.f.). The juice sacs of all the three varieties enlarged gradually with carotenoid accumulation. The changing patterns of carotenoid content and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes in juice sacs in vitro were similar to those ripening on trees in the three varieties. Using this system, the changes in the carotenoid content and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes in response to environmental stimuli were investigated. The results showed that carotenoid accumulation was induced by blue light treatment, but was not affected by red light treatment in the three varieties. Different regulation of CitPSY expression, which was up-regulated by blue light while unaffected by red light, led to different changes in carotenoid content in response to these two treatments in Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange. In all three varieties, increases in carotenoid content were observed with sucrose and mannitol treatments. However, the accumulation of carotenoid in the two treatments was regulated by distinct mechanisms at the transcriptional level. With abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, the expression of the genes investigated in this study was up-regulated in Satsuma mandarin and Lisbon lemon, indicating that ABA induced its own biosynthesis at the transcriptional level. This feedback regulation of ABA led to decreases in carotenoid content. With gibberellin (GA) treatment, carotenoid content was significantly decreased in the three varieties. Changes in the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism varied among the three varieties in response to GA treatment. These results provided insights into improving carotenoid content and composition in citrus during fruit maturation