Desenvolvimento, modelagem e simulação de um sistema incinerador de resíduos sólidos com emissões tratadas por microalgas

Orientador: Prof. PhD. José Viriato Coelho VargasCoorientadores: Dr. Wellington Balmant, PhD. Juan Carlos OrdoñezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica. Defesa : Curitiba, 16/02/2018Inclui referências: p.106-112Área de concentração: Fenômenos de transporte e mecânica dos sólidos, 2018Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um modelo matemático do sistema de incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos e um modelo matemático adimensional do trocador de calor localizados no laboratório Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia Autossustentável (NPDEAS) da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). O modelo combina os princípios da termodinâmica e da transferência de calor e massa, aplicando-os aos componentes do sistema. Assumindo-se volumes de controle termodinâmico para cada componente. O modelo matemático está explicado por um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias integradas com o tempo, com precisão e baixo tempo computacional. Um grupo adimensional adequado para o trocador de calor foi identificado. Os resultados apresentados para o sistema completo na forma de gráficos com aplicação geral para os sistemas semelhantes. O incinerador de resíduos sólidos e o trocador de calor já estão construídos e instrumentados para obter dados reais das temperaturas na câmara de combustão e na câmara de pós-combustão do incinerador. Assim, o modelo foi ajustado a partir de um conjunto de dados experimentais e, então, o modelo matemático e a simulação são validadas experimentalmente usando outro conjunto de dados experimentais. A seguir, estuda-se a otimização da alocação de área total de transferência de calor no trocador de calor. Na determinação da distribuição de área de transferência de calor deve-se considerar as mudanças de fase do lado frio (superaquecido, ebulição e líquida). Assim, é determinada a relação ótima dos fluxos. A configuração ideal que promove, em estado quase estacionário, a máxima eficiência da segunda lei termodinâmica também é investigada. Portanto, os resultados utilizando emissões da combustão de madeira (CH1,44O0,66) e como fluido frio a água, mostram-se que a distribuição ideal da área total de transferência de calor se obtém quando a relação entre os fluidos (emissões/água) é Mopt = 0,20, sendo o tamanho determinado para o trocador de calor de N = 9. Entretanto, com esta configuração de área de transferência de calor tem-se que a máxima eficiência de segunda lei é ?II = 0,54 %. Assim, consegue-se representar o modelo físico do sistema de tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos com geração de vapor utilizando a modelagem matemática apresentada nesta dissertação. Palavras-chave: Modelagem matemática. Incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Trocador de calor. Otimização termodinâmica. Microalgas.Abstract: This dissertation presents a mathematical model of the urban solid waste incineration system, and a dimensionless mathematical model of the heat exchanger, located in the laboratory Nucleus of Research and Development of Energy Autossustentavél (NPDEAS) of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). The model combines the principles of thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, applying them to the system components, assuming thermodynamics control volumes for each component. The mathematical model is explained by a system of ordinary differential equations integrated on time, with precision and low computational time. A suitable dimensionless group for the heat exchanger was identified; the results presented for the complete system in the form of graphs with general application for similar systems. The solid waste incineration and the heat exchanger are already built and instrumented to obtain real data on the temperatures in the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber. Therefore, the model was adjusted, from a set of experimental data and then the mathematical model and simulation are validated experimentally using another set of experimental data. Furthermore, the study analyzes the optimization of distribution of the total area of heat transfer in the heat exchanger. In determining the distribution of the heat transfer area, the phase changes on the cold side of the heat exchanger (overheating, boiling and liquid) must be considered; therefore, the ideal cold-water flow capacity is determined. The ideal configuration that promotes, in the quasi-stationary state, the maximum efficiency of the second thermodynamic law is also investigated. The results, using wood burning emissions (CH1,4400,66), show that the ideal distribution of the heat transfer area is obtained when the ratio of fluids is Mopt = 0.20, the size being determined for the heat exchanger of heat of N = 9. However, with this configuration of the heat transfer area, it is obtained that the efficiency of the second thermodynamic law has a maximum in ?II = 0.54%. Thus, it is possible to perform the mathematical modeling of the thermal treatment system of solid waste with steam generation. Key words: Mathematical modeling. Incineration MSW. Heat exchanger. Thermodynamic optimization. Microalgae

Desenvolvimento, modelagem, simulação e otimização de usinas termoelétricas de ciclo Rankine

Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Viriato Coelho VargasCoorientadores: Prof. Dr. Juan Carlos Ordoñez e Dr. Wellintong BalmantTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica. Defesa : Curitiba, 17/03/2023Inclui referências: p. 99-102Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um modelo matemático para o projeto e otimização de usinas de geração de energia de ciclo Rankine a vapor. O modelo assume que as irreversibilidades da planta são predominantes nos trocadores de calor, portanto, a destruição de exergia na turbina, bomba, conexões, tubos e outros componentes internos são desprezados. O método NTU-eficácia foi utilizado para modelar os trocadores de calor e, sem perda de generalidade, a água foi considerada como fluido de trabalho, que muda de fase em ambos os trocadores de calor. Reconhecendo que a entropia é gerada em qualquer sistema físico, o problema de otimização fundamental selecionou a saída de potência líquida adimensional e a eficiência da segunda lei como as funções objetivo a serem maximizadas. Após a identificação dos parâmetros geométricos e operacionais da planta a serem otimizados com base na interseção de método das assíntotas, sujeito a uma restrição física realística da área total fixa dos trocadores de calor, ou seja, para uma planta de tamanho finito. Como resultado, dois níveis de otimização foram identificados: i) o fluido de trabalho, M adimensional e ii) as frações de área dos trocadores de calor: caldeira, xH, e o condensador, xL. Máximos agudos foram obtidos em ambos os níveis, o que é ilustrado com um caso base de ~60% de variação de eficiência da segunda lei em comparação com o máximo obtido para 0,05 < M < 0,25 no primeiro nível de otimização, no caso base considerado neste estudo. A sensibilidade dos resultados ótimos de duas vias para vários parâmetros geométricos e operacionais da planta foi minuciosamente investigada. Os parâmetros otimizados mostraram-se robustos em relação a vários projetos e condições de operação do sistema. Tais descobertas enfatizam a importância dos resultados fundamentais de otimização aqui relatados para qualquer sistema real de usina de ciclo Rankine em análise.Abstract: This paper introduces a mathematical model for the design and fundamental optimization of steam Rankine cycle power plants. The model assumes that the plant irreversibilities are predominant in the heat exchangers, thus exergy destruction in the turbine, pump, fittings, tubes and other internal components are neglected. The NTU-effectiveness method was utilized to model the heat exchangers, and, without loss of generality, water was considered as the working fluid, which changes phase in both heat exchangers. Acknowledging that entropy is generated in any physical system, the fundamental optimization problem selected the dimensionless net power output, and second law efficiency as the objective functions to be maximized, after the identification of plant geometric and operating parameters to be optimized based on the intersection of asymptotes method, subject to a fixed total heat exchangers area realistic physical constraint, i.e., for a finite size plant. As a result, two levels of optimization were identified: i) the working fluid to hot stream mass flow rate ratio, M, and ii) the boiler, xH, and condenser, xL, area fractions of the plant fixed total heat exchangers area. Sharp maxima were obtained in both levels, which is illustrated with a base case by ~60% second law efficiency variation in comparison to the obtained maximum for 0.05 < M < 0.25 in the first optimization level in the base case considered in this study. The two-way optima results sensitivity to several plant geometric and operating parameters were thoroughly investigated. The optimized parameters are shown to be robust with respect to several system's design and operating conditions. Such findings stress the importance of the herein reported fundamental optimization results for whatever actual Rankine cycle power plant system under analysis

Ciência para todos : um novo conceito de extensão promovendo a popularização da ciência e tecnologia através de projetos ambientais Iot e energias renováveis

As novas demandas sociais e de mercado necessitam de flexibilidade, influenciando diretamente na formação do aluno que precisa adaptar-se aos desafios. Neste contexto, considera-se que a sociedade requer cada vez mais profissionais altamente qualificados e capazes de tomar iniciativas para criação de soluções, ou seja, indivíduos que buscam estratégias para resolução de problemas sociais, econômicos e ambientais com efetividade. Assim sendo, o projeto Ciência Para Todos, desenvolvido no Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia Autossustentável (NPDEAS) da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), realiza a integração da comunidade e aprimora a formação profissional dos alunos de graduação e pós-graduação através de visitas de escolas da rede pública. Desta maneira, o trabalho apresenta a dinâmica estabelecida no projeto de extensão (que poderá ser utilizada em outros espaços no meio acadêmico) e a influência das atividades realizadas no NPDEAS na concepção dos alunos das escolas sobre a ciênciaFil: Dario, Priscila Paola. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Sugai, Daniela Yumi. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Muñoz, Matias Nicolas. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Martinez, Leonardo Cavalheiro. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Taher, Dhyogo Miléo. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Alcantara, Manoel Massatoshy. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: De Lara Filho, Mauro Obladen. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Felisbino, Caio Filus. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Julio, Alexia Christinny. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Vargas, José Viriato Coelho. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil)Fil: Mariano, André Bellin. Universidad Federal de Paraná (Brasil

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030