Computer Storage and Retrieval System for Two-Dimensional Outlines

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67260/2/10.1177_00220345700490053201.pd

Graphic Computerization of Cephalometric Data

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66971/2/10.1177_00220345710500055501.pd

A syllabus in roentgenographic cephalometry. By Wilton M. Krogman and Viken Sassouni. Pp. v + 366, Philadelphia Center for Research in Child Growth, Philadelphia, 1957. $12.50

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37464/1/1330150412_ftp.pd

Electromyography of the oral phase of deglutition in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Patterns of activity of selected muscle groups which function during the oral phase of swallowing were analysed electromyographically in 33 monkeys (Macaco mulatta) during a total of 113 recording sessions. Salivary, water and masticatory swallows were studied. The activity of the suprahyoid muscle group was relatively constant in each animal during all types of swallows. However, three patterns of muscle activity of the other masticatory muscles were identified. In the first pattern (pattern A), the suprahyoids usually fired concurrently with the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle with little or no elevator activity evident. In the second pattern (pattern B), the temporal muscle, masseter muscle and superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle fired concurrently with the suprahyoids. In the third pattern (pattern C), elevator and lateral pterygoid activity preceded the suprahyoid burst. The inferior head of the lateral pterygoid was not active in any swallowing pattern. About 60-70 per cent of the salivary swallows were of pattern A. Most water-swallows were of patterns B and C, while those swallows associated with mastication were entirely of pattern C.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33841/1/0000099.pd

Imprecision and bias in orthodontic treatment results

Imprecision in treatment response has been defined as inconsistent unpredictable results from the same treatment. Bias has been defined as systematic failure to achieve defined treatment goals. Concepts of imprecision and bias are applied to the results of a study of soft-tissue response to Class II treatment with edgewise and Herbst appliances.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27413/1/0000448.pd

Craniofacial adaptation to protrusive function in young rhesus monkeys

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34208/1/0000497.pd

A procedure for the analysis of intrinsic facial form and growth An equivalent-balance concept

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32932/1/0000315.pd

The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics

1. 1. Cephalometric conventions today may have little basis in either biology or biometrics.2. 2. There is no theory of cephalometrics, only conventions which involve landmarks and straight lines only. These fail to capture the curving of form and its changes, exclude proper measures of size for bent structures, and misrepresent growth, portraying it as vector displacement rather than a generalized distortion.3. 3. Conventional cephalometric procedures misinform by fabrication of misleading geometric quantities, by camouflage, particularly of remodeling, by confusion about what is happening (analysis of rotations, treating shape separately from size, and registering angles on landmarks as vertices), and by subtraction as a representation of growth.4. 4. We suggest that the present systems offer little real hope of improvement sufficient to meet our needs in craniofacial growth research. We call attention to three possible techniques to be included in future cephalometric conventions: (1) tangents and curvatures, (2) Blum's medial axis ("skeleton"), and (3) biorthogonal grids.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/23746/1/0000718.pd

Prediction of craniofacial growth: The state of the art

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33743/1/0000259.pd

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale