Anisotropic self-affine properties of experimental fracture surfaces

The scaling properties of post-mortem fracture surfaces of brittle (silica glass), ductile (aluminum alloy) and quasi-brittle (mortar and wood) materials have been investigated. These surfaces, studied far from the initiation, were shown to be self-affine. However, the Hurst exponent measured along the crack direction is found to be different from the one measured along the propagation direction. More generally, a complete description of the scaling properties of these surfaces call for the use of the 2D height-height correlation function that involves three exponents zeta = 0.75, beta = 0.6 and z = 1.25 independent of the material considered as well as of the crack growth velocity. These exponents are shown to correspond to the roughness, growth and dynamic exponents respectively, as introduced in interface growth models. They are conjectured to be universal.Comment: 12 page

Directional bias of illusory stream caused by relative motion adaptation

AbstractEnigma is an op-art painting that elicits an illusion of rotational streaming motion. In the present study, we tested whether adaptation to various motion configurations that included relative motion components could be reflected in the directional bias of the illusory stream. First, participants viewed the center of a rotating Enigma stimulus for adaptation. There was no physical motion on the ring area. During the adaptation period, the illusory stream on the ring was mainly seen in the direction opposite to that of the physical rotation. After the physical rotation stopped, the illusory stream on the ring was mainly seen in the same direction as that of the preceding physical rotation. Moreover, adapting to strong relative motion induced a strong bias in the illusory motion direction in the subsequently presented static Enigma stimulus. The results suggest that relative motion detectors corresponding to the ring area may produce the illusory stream of Enigma

Prediction Of Beef Fatty Acid Composition Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Effects Of Tissue And Sample Preparations

International audienceThe aims of the study were to determine the best site of bovine carcass for predicting fatty acid (FA) composition using a NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) portable equipment and to study the effect of different methods of sample preparation. 78 animals were sampled from different types and rearing systems. Seven tissues (Longissimus thoracis, Infraspinatus, Diaphragma, Rectus abdominis, shoulder subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), intercostal SAT and intermuscular fat at the 5th rib) were measured after sampling and grinding in liquid nitrogen. The effect of samples preparation were measured on carcass (C0), muscle without grinding (B0), ground with a meat chopper (B1), ground with a knife mill (B2) on RA muscle. FA composition was assessed using gas chromatograph and the spectra were measured at wavelengths between 350 and 2500 nm. For adipose tissue, FA were not correctly predicted from NIRS. However, predictions were more satisfactory for the major FA (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1d9c), total saturated and monounsaturated FA of muscles. The results show a better prediction of FA composition concomitant with an increased gradient of sample homogenization. For other FA and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, the performances were not satisfactory for quantitative purposes whatever the grinding method

How to determine by an innovative and fast approach predictive indicators of the beef nutritional quality?

Dans un contexte où la consommation de viande bovine est en constante diminution, en partie à cause de sa composition lipidique, il apparaît important pour l'ensemble de la filière de pouvoir communiquer sur l’intérêt nutritionnel de cette viande et plus particulièrement sur sa composition en acides gras (AG). Pour que cette communication soit « efficiente » à tous les niveaux de la filière, il faut disposer de moyens analytiques fiables mais aussi faciles de mise en œuvre et de surcroît peu coûteux. La méthode analytique que nous avons choisi de tester est la spectrométrie proche infrarouge (SPIR) qui présente l’avantage d’être peu coûteuse, peu invasive et qui pourrait ainsi être utilisée à grande échelle et en routine en abattoir. Nous avons montré que la SPIR est performante pour déterminer les teneurs en AG saturés (AGS) et monoinsaturés (AGMI) (R2>0,9). Dans les meilleures conditions pour la prédiction des AGPI (échantillons comportant des teneurs élevées en AGPI et/ou une grande variabilité), les performances de prédiction restent encore insuffisantes (R2 0,8). Elles restent perfectibles pour la détermination des AGPI n-3 totaux (R2=0,64) mais surtout pour le 18:3 n-3, le 20:5 n-3 et le 22:6 n-3 (R2 0.9). Under the best conditions for the prediction of PUFA (samples containing high levels of PUFA and / or with a high variability), PUFA predictions were still not enough (R2 0.8). These equations are still to be improved for the determination of the total n-3 PUFA (R2 = 0.64) and of the 18:3 n-3, the 20:5 n-3 and the 22:6 n-3 (R2 <0.55). Given that the ultimate aim of this research is to use the equations as a complementary tool in tandem with NIRS measurements to serve industry as a way to rapidly determine the FA content of beef, further studies will be needed to trial and test our novel coupled NIRS–prediction equations approach

Comment déterminer par une approche innovante et rapide des indicateurs prédictifs de la valeur nutritionnelle de la viande bovine ?

In a context where the consumption of beef is declining in part because of its lipid composition, an opportunity to revive the beef industry is to communicate with consumers on nutritional quality of beef, especially its fatty acids (FA) composition. To ensure this communication is “efficient” at all levels of the industry, we must have reliable analytical resources but also easy to implement and also inexpensive. The analytical method proposed for determining the beef FA composition is the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) which is inexpensive, minimally invasive and could thus be widely used in routine in slaughterhouse. We showed that NIRS was effective to determine the concentrations of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA (R2> 0.9). Under the best conditions for the prediction of PUFA (samples containing high levels of PUFA and / or with a high variability), PUFA predictions were still not enough (R2 0.8). These equations are still to be improved for the determination of the total n-3 PUFA (R2 = 0.64) and of the 18:3 n-3, the 20:5 n-3 and the 22:6 n-3 (R2 0,9). Dans les meilleures conditions pour la prédiction des AGPI (échantillons comportant des teneurs élevées en AGPI et/ou une grande variabilité), les performances de prédiction restent encore insuffisantes (R2 0,8). Elles restent perfectibles pour la détermination des AGPI n-3 totaux (R2=0,64) mais surtout pour le 18:3 n-3, le 20:5 n-3 et le 22:6 n-3 (R2 <0,55). L’objectif final de ce travail étant d'utiliser les équations en complément des mesures réalisées par SPIR à des fins industrielles afin de déterminer rapidement la composition en AG de la viande bovine, des études complémentaires seront nécessaires pour tester l'ensemble de notre démarche associant SPIR et équations de prédiction

Phenotyping of animals and their meat: applications of low-power ultrasounds, near-infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging

Phenotyping of animals and their meat: applications of low-power ultrasounds, near-infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imagin

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) vitellogenin

International audienc

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) vitellogenin

International audienc

Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors

International audienceLight-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics