L’Open hardware Une nouvelle forme de démocratisation informationnelle en propriété Intellectuelle

International audienceL’Open hardware constitue la dernière extension du mouvement dit du « Libre » en propriété intellectuelle. Si l’Open hardware procède également du numérique, son objet est constitué d’un « matériel libre », soit une série d’objets physiques dont la production, la distribution et le partage sont déclarés libres par un modèle de licence similaire à celui des logiciels. La création collaborative irrigue désormais des créations purement matérielles,plus précisément corporelles

Expansive homeomorphisms and plane separating continua

AbstractA homeomorphism h:X→X is expansive provided that there exists a constant c>0 and for every x,y∈X there exists an integer n, dependent only on x and y, such that d(hn(x),hn(y))>c. It is shown that if X is a 1-dimensional continuum that separates the plane into 2 pieces, then h cannot be expansive

Entropy of shift maps of the pseudo-arc

AbstractIn this paper we show that if f:I→I is a map such that the inverse limit space, P=lim←{I,f}i=1∞ is the pseudo-arc, then the entropy of f and hence the entropy of the shift map fˆ is either 0 or infinite

Expansive homeomorphisms and indecomposable subcontinua

AbstractA continuum X is k-cyclic if given any ε>0, there is a finite open cover U of X such that mesh(U)<ε and the nerve N(U) is has at most k distinct simple closed curves. A homeomorphism h:X→X is called expansive provided for some fixed ε>0 and every x,y∈X there exists an integer n such that d(hn(x),hn(y))>ε. We prove that if X is a k-cyclic continuum that admits an expansive homeomorphism, then X must contain an nondegenerate indecomposable subcontinuum

O monstro debaixo da cama: o chavismo como uma questão divisória na América Latina

There is a broad array of literature analyzing the interaction between domestic and foreign policy. In this regard, we have recently seen that strategic politicians use divisive foreign leaders as a tool to take advantage of in domestic politics. Nevertheless, the use of these leaders in domestic campaigns – and particularly the reasons why this occurs – has not received much attention in academia. In this paper, we attempt to approach this topic by identifying when conditions are ripe for this strategic use of foreign leaders in domestic politics. More specifically, we argue that the image of foreign leaders can be used when they present the conditions to become a wedge issue. We explore this question by using survey data on views of Chávez across Latin America together with political and economic indicators between 2005 and 2011. We find that perceptions of Chavismo are divisive in countries in which the incumbent government is ruled by a left-wing administration. Similarly, we show that, in those countries, Chavismo has all the conditions to become a wedge issue, as opponents have a homogeneously negative perception of that political movement, while government supporters are divided in their views of Chavismo.Existe una amplia gama de literatura que analiza la interacción entre la política interna y externa. En este sentido, recientemente hemos visto que los políticos estratégicos utilizan líderes extranjeros divisivos como una herramienta para aprovechar en la política interna. Sin embargo, el uso de estos líderes en campañas nacionales, y particularmente las razones por las cuales esto ocurre, no ha recibido mucha atención en la academia. En este artículo, tratamos de abordar este tema identificando cuándo las condiciones están maduras para este uso estratégico de los líderes extranjeros en la política interna. Más específicamente, argumentamos que la imagen de los líderes extranjeros puede usarse cuando presentan las condiciones para convertirse en un problema de cuña. Exploramos esta pregunta mediante el uso de datos de encuestas sobre puntos de vista de Chávez en América Latina junto con indicadores políticos y económicos entre 2005 y 2011. Descubrimos que las percepciones del chavismo son divisivas en países en los que el gobierno en funciones está gobernado por una administración de izquierda. Del mismo modo, mostramos que, en esos países, el chavismo tiene todas las condiciones para convertirse en un problema de cuña, ya que los opositores tienen una percepción homogéneamente negativa de ese movimiento político, mientras que los partidarios del gobierno están divididos en sus puntos de vista sobre el chavismo.Existe uma ampla gama de literatura analisando a interação entre política interna e política externa. Nesse sentido, vimos recentemente que políticos estratégicos usam líderes estrangeiros divisivos como uma ferramenta para tirar proveito da política doméstica. No entanto, o uso desses líderes em campanhas domésticas - e particularmente as razões pelas quais isso ocorre - não recebeu muita atenção na academia. Neste artigo, tentamos abordar esse tópico, identificando quando as condições estão maduras para esse uso estratégico de líderes estrangeiros na política doméstica. Mais especificamente, argumentamos que a imagem de líderes estrangeiros pode ser usada quando eles apresentam condições para se tornar uma questão de cunha. Exploramos essa questão usando dados de pesquisas sobre pontos de vista de Chávez na América Latina, juntamente com indicadores políticos e econômicos entre 2005 e 2011. Descobrimos que as percepções do Chavismo são divisórias nos países em que o governo em exercício é governado por uma administração de esquerda. Da mesma forma, mostramos que, nesses países, o Chavismo tem todas as condições para se tornar uma questão de cunha, pois os oponentes têm uma percepção negativa homogênea desse movimento político, enquanto os apoiadores do governo estão divididos em suas opiniões sobre o Chavismo

Zurück in den Alltag trotz Apraxie : ergotherapeutische Assessments und Interventionen zur bestmöglichen Vorbereitung auf Aktivitäten im häuslichen Umfeld

Ziel: Mittels Literaturreview werden Empfehlungen für ergotherapeutische Assessments und Interventionen bei erwachsenen Klientinnen und Klienten mit Apraxie nach erworbener Hirnschädigung abgeleitet, welche die bestmögliche Vorbereitung im stationären Behandlungssetting auf Aktivitäten im häuslichen Umfeld bieten. Methode: Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche, auf sechs gesundheitsspezifischen Datenbanken durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden vier Studien und vier Reviews bearbeitet. Die Studien und Reviews wurden kritisch gewürdigt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten drei ergotherapeutische Assessments gefunden werden, welche den Einschlusskriterien entsprechen («Perceive, Recall, Plan, Perform System of Task Analysis», «Assessment of disabilities in stroke patients with apraxia», «Assessment of Motor and Process Skills»). Insgesamt wurden vier Interventionsansätze für die Therapie bei Apraxie (Strategietraining, Gestentraining, direktes Training und exploratives Training) ausfindig gemacht. Diskussion: Alle gefundenen Assessments können für die Praxis empfohlen werden. Als therapeutische Intervention empfehlen die Verfasserinnen hauptsächlich das Strategietraining, da es bislang die höchste Evidenz und als einzige Interventionsmethode einen Transfereffekt aufweist. Für das direkte Training gibt es zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht genügend Evidenz. Beim Gestentraining stellt sich die Frage, ob durch das Training der Gestik tatsächlich eine signifikante Verbesserung der Kommunikationsfähigkeit erreicht werden kann. Dem explorativen Training konnte keine Wirksamkeit nachgewiesen werden

Framing Effects On Foreign Policy: Experimental Evidence From Emerging Countries And The Argentine-brazilian Rivalry

Civil society plays an increasingly important role in the formulation of foreign policy in emerging countries. This article investigates whether public opinion is sensitive to framing effects regarding foreign policy. Data from a survey experiment with a sample of 1,530 students at the Universidad de Buenos Aires and the Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, we find that participants are sensitive to framing effects on foreign affairs. The interviewees changed their preferences when stimulated by information regarding Brazilian economic growth and military expenditure in comparison with Argentina. In turn, this effect was more pronounced among a) people who tend to stay less informed regarding foreign affairs and b) individuals who are more nationalistic.22119521

Framing effects on foreign policy:Experimental evidence from emerging countries and the Argentine-Brazilian rivalry

Abstract Civil society plays an increasingly important role in the formulation of foreign policy in emerging countries. This article investigates whether public opinion is sensitive to framing effects regarding foreign policy. Data from a survey experiment with a sample of 1,530 students at the Universidad de Buenos Aires and the Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, we find that participants are sensitive to framing effects on foreign affairs. The interviewees changed their preferences when stimulated by information regarding Brazilian economic growth and military expenditure in comparison with Argentina. In turn, this effect was more pronounced among a) people who tend to stay less informed regarding foreign affairs and b) individuals who are more nationalistic