Doppler-radar observation of the evolution of downdrafts in convective clouds

A detailed analysis of the 20 July 1977 thunderstorm complex which formed and evolve over the South Park region in Central Colorado is presented. The storm was extensively analyzed using multiple Doppler radar and surface mesonet data, developed within an environment having very weak wind shear. The storm owed its intensification to the strength of the downdraft, which was nearly coincident with the region where the cloud had grown. The noteworthy features of this storm were its motion to the right of the cloud-level winds, its multicellular nature and discrete propagation, its north-south orientation, and its relatively large storm size and high reflectivity factor (55 dBZ). This scenario accounts for the observed mesoscale and cloud-scale event. A line of convergence was generated at the interface between the easterly upslope winds and westerly winds. During stage II, the convergence line subsequently propagated down the slopes of the Mosquito Range, and was the main forcing mechanism for the development of updraft on the west flank of the storm. The formation of downdraft on the eastern side of updraft blacked surface inflow, and created a detectable gust front. As the original downdraft intensified, the accumulation of evaporatively-chilled air caused the intensification of the mesohigh, which likely destroyed the earlier convergence line and created a stronger convergence line to the east, which forced up-lifting of the moist, westerly inflow and caused the formation of updraft to the east. An organized downdraft circulation, apparently maintained by precipitation drag and evaporational cooling, was responsible in sustaining a well-defined gust front. The storm attained its highest intensity as a consequence of merging with a neighboring cloud. The interaction of downdrafts or gust fronts from two intense cells appeared to be the primary mechanism of this merging process as suggested by Simpson et al. (1980). The merging process coincided with more rain than occurred in unmerged echoes

Effect of whey protein coating on physico-chemical properties of gutted Kilka during frozen storage

The a im of th is paper was to study the effects w hey pro t e in c oat i ng on ch e m ic al a nd physic al properties of gut t ed K i l ka dur i ng f roz en stor a ge. Coating of Kilka has done by dipping in whey protein solution with different concentrations of 3, 7, 10 and 13%, for 1h. Then, after being packed in polyethylene dishes, they were covered in cellophane blanket and stored in -18°C. There were 125 testing and control packages, each of them weight 250grams. Heme iron, peroxide value, protein, lipid and pH has measured after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months storage in freezer. R e s u l ts of h e me iron, p e roxi de v a l ue and lipid of control tr e at m ents h a ve s hown s i gni f icant difference among ex p e r i m ent al tr e at m ents (p0.05). Our results showed that coating process with di ff e r e nt whey pro t e in con c entrat i on leads to decrease in peroxide value and increases the iron content. 13% whey protein concentration was provided the most satisfactory results

Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The Contrast between Indoors and Outdoors

COVID-19 is an airborne disease, with the vast majority of infections occurring indoors. In comparison, little transmission occurs outdoors. Here, we investigate the airborne transmission pathways that differentiate the indoors from outdoors and conclude that profound differences exist, which help to explain why SARS-CoV-2 transmission is much more prevalent indoors. Near- and far-field transmission pathways are discussed along with factors that affect infection risk, with aerosol concentration, air entrainment, thermal plumes, and occupancy duration all identified as being influential. In particular, we present the fundamental equations that underpin the Wells–Riley model and show the mathematical relationship between inhaled virus particles and quanta of infection. A simple model is also presented for assessing infection risk in spaces with incomplete air mixing. Transmission risk is assessed in terms of aerosol concentration using simple 1D equations, followed by a description of thermal plume–ceiling interactions. With respect to this, we present new experimental results using Schlieren visualisation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. Pathways of airborne infection are discussed, with the key differences identified between indoors and outdoors. In particular, the contribution of thermal and exhalation plumes is evaluated, and the presence of a near-field/far-field feedback loop is postulated, which is absent outdoors

Quality evaluation of Non- Atchabledecapsulated Cysts of Artemia Urmiana during one year after produce

Low hatching artemia cysts which has no use in the aquaculture can be decapsulated and directly use in larvae culture. In order to increase the knowledge of consumers to know the quality changes of low hatching decapsulated cysts during storage after production (especially fatty acids) this research was carried out. In this work Low hatching cysts of artemia urmiana had decapsulated with sodium hypochlorite and other chemicals. We used drying room and f.b.d system for drying of this decapsulated cysts and package units had used for packing this product to cans. We had three experimental treatments of dry decapsulated cysts (3 type packing including vaccumed cans and free (plastic dishes). These treatment were evaluated at different times (comparing of before produce, after produce , 3, 6 and 12 months keeping after production ) such as fatty acids , fatty percent , protein percent , bacterial and fungal contamination and presence of aflatoxin the result of fatty acids using one way anova analysis showed that the variation of half of fatty acids specially DHA and EPA were significant (p<0.05) . Fatty percentage increased and protein was decreased about 12-15% during the one year storage we separated two species of bacteria and two species of fungi but they had no pathogenic bacterial and fungal. During 6 months storage the quality of products have less variation compared whit 12 months

Conceptual Design of a UVC-LED Air Purifier to Reduce Airborne Pathogen Transmission - A Feasibility Study

Existing indoor closed ultraviolet-C (UVC) air purifiers (UVC in a box) have faced technological challenges during the COVID-19 breakout, owing to demands of low energy consumption, high flow rates, and high kill rates at the same time. A new conceptual design of a novel UVC-LED (light-emitting diode) air purifier for a low-cost solution to mitigate airborne diseases is proposed. The concept focuses on performance and robustness. It contains a dust-filter assembly, an innovative UVC chamber, and a fan. The low-cost dust filter aims to suppress dust accumulation in the UVC chamber to ensure durability and is conceptually shown to be easily replaced while mitigating any possible contamination. The chamber includes novel turbulence-generating grids and a novel LED arrangement. The turbulent generator promotes air mixing, while the LEDs inactivate the pathogens at a high flow rate and sufficient kill rate. The conceptual design is portable and can fit into ventilation ducts. Computational fluid dynamics and UVC ray methods were used for analysis. The design produces a kill rate above 97% for COVID and tuberculosis and above 92% for influenza A at a flow rate of 100 L/s and power consumption of less than 300 W. An analysis of the dust-filter performance yields the irradiation and flow fields

Characterization of the Partitioning System of Myxococcus Plasmid pMF1

pMF1 is the only autonomously replicating plasmid that has been recently identified in myxobacteria. This study characterized the partitioning (par) system of this plasmid. The fragment that significantly increased the retaining stability of plasmids in Myxococcus cells in the absence of selective antibiotics contained three open reading frames (ORFs) pMF1.21-pMF1.23 (parCAB). The pMF1.22 ORF (parA) is homologous to members of the parA ATPase family, with the highest similarity (56%) to the Sphingobium japonicum ParA-like protein, while the other two ORFs had no homologs in GenBank. DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the pMF1.23 (parB) product is a DNA-binding protein of iteron DNA sequences, while the product of pMF1.21 (parC) has no binding activity but is able to enhance the DNA-binding activity of ParB to iterons. The ParB protein autogenously repressed the expression of the par genes, consistent with the type Ib par pattern, while the ParC protein has less repressive activity. The ParB-binding iteron sequences are distributed not only near the partitioning gene loci but also along pMF1. These results indicate that the pMF1 par system has novel structural and functional characteristics

Study on optimum exploitation of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The increasing demands of the growing populations can be met by developing aquaculture. However in order to provide suitable grounds for consumption which is acceptable to different conditions and tastes, apart from producing a variety of products we also need to improve the methods of marketing and consumption. The silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) comprises about 50 to 85% of the composition of fish species in the polyculture of warm water species in Iran. However the difficulty in pretreatment of this species and the presence of pin bones are among the main reasons to restrict the demand of this species in the domestic markets, particularly in non-coastal provinces. In this project different aspects of silver carp processing studied as follow: 1. Use of fish fillet residuals in preparation of snack, cheese and ice cream 2. Use of fish meat in sausage and fish ball produce 3. Use of machinery to produce of without or low bones fillet and trimmed fillets. Fish sausages were studied in four experimental groups; Based on the results obtained it was evident that sausages in the experimental Group 1 (65% minced fish & 12 % soy bean oil) showed better taste and flavor as compared to those in the other groups. Fish ball were prepared using starch from four different sources (wheat, corn, potato and tapioca). Thirty different trials were tested by adding each starch source either individually or by mixing equal proportions of two sources of starch at a rate of 5, 10 and 15% to 80% ground meat of silver carp. Among trials containing two sources of starch, mixed trials with potato and wheat (5% potato + 5% wheat) were rated higher in organoleptic tests as compared to the other trials. Fifteen formulas were worked for preparing of fish cheese. The quality assessment of product showed that fish cheese in zero and 30 days after storage in 4֯ C were good and medium, respectively. Quantity enrichment of corn snack with FPC until 33% in fish snack preparation, have a best results among with other experiments. Fish ice cream made from fish protein concentrate type a that produced from silver carp in three steps by the extraction with isopropyl alcohol solvent and heat. The result showed that FPC replaced with 30%milk in ice cream formula has a best quality score. On the basis of recent findings, the deep part and a upper part on the back of the fish, like a relatively narrow band, are considered as boneless parts in silver carp. The aims of trimming project introduce best type of fillet trimming and machine for Silver Carp fillet. The results show percentage of waste in trimming by machinery line processing was less than handing, and fillet trimming speed by hand was most than machinery .Also final results of this study show machinery method or complex of handing and machinery for Silver carp fillet trimming are the best .speed rate in pine bone removing from silver carp fillet in handy method with using of transparent table and machinery method were 30-40 min per fish and 15 second per fish, respectively. Removing efficiency of bones from fillets in handy and machinery method were 50-60 and 90 %, respectively

The fifth developing plan of Iranian Fisheries Research Institute

Accurate scientific and practical plan for achieving the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran within the framework of Vision development 1404, is the infrastructure achieving sustainable development of the country. Order to achieve the above mentioned objectives and in order to the comprehensive development plans in the country, Iranian fisheries research organization adjust the fifth developing plan for support of executive related departments in country with mobilization a large number researchers consists of several working groups of ifro affiliated research centers. The fifth developing plan consist of three chapters for report of the forth developing plan and intrudction of research, construction plans and financial support (budjet) for period of 2011-2014 A.C

Study on cornea histogenesis in sheep embryo

In this study, 36 samples of sheep fetal at different and modal ages have been used. Sample after preparation and determination of age immediately fixed and anatomic and histological studies were done. In Histological studies in addition to conventional H&E staining, two staining that include Masson trichrome and verhuff staining was used. The yield results revealed that cornea is distinct in the second month of embryonic period and in the next ages spends the stages of growth. From the beginning in cornea formed in horizontal ellipse type so the internal curve of is larger than external curve. The growth process from the point of longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and corneas height from the border of sclera is ascending with the raising of age. Upper and lower eyelids was impacted in the early and late time of the second month and separated from together again in the third month of embryonic period. Third eyelid approximately appears in 120 days of age in the internal angle of the eye. Histology of external epithelial tissue growth observed from simple cubic to six layers stratified cubic form. Matrix has been strengthened from point of cells (fibroblast) and a filaments (collagen) with the rising of age. Increases in the elastic filaments are appreciable at the end of embryonic stages. Desmit membrane appears as limiting membrane in the early time of the second month of embryonic period in the beneath of internal epithelial tissue and also growth with rising of age. Desmit membrane has any elastic filaments. No Bowman layer or the external limiting membrane was seen in this animal. Tricrummasson staining confirms collagen filaments and verhuff staining confirm elastic filaments growth with rising of age

Factors Influencing Consumers Familiarity with State Branded Programs: A Case Study for South Carolina

Previous studies often highlight that consumers are willing to pay price premiums for products with state brands. However, limited research exists regarding the factors influencing consumers’ level of familiarity with state-branded logos. This study evaluates the impact of South Carolinians’ demographic characteristics and food shopping behaviors on their degree of familiarity with the “Certified South Carolina Product” logo. Data were obtained from an online survey. Results reveal that respondents who purchase fresh products from direct marketing outlets and have lived longer in South Carolina are more likely to be familiar with the logo. Marketing recommendations are also discussed