PEMANFAATAN NIRA AREN MENJADI BIOETANOL UNTUK BAHAN BAKAR EMULSI YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

ABSTRACTThis research purpose is to make gasohol fuel made from a mixture of ethanol and Pertamax as well as ethanol and pertalite. Ethanol used for this mixture has been through the process of reflux fermentation and distillation. Then the ethanol distillation process is carried out to obtain purity above 80%. The next stage is the process of mixing ethanol with Pertalite and Pertamax where the concentration of ethanol that will be mixed with Pertamax and Pertalite to become gasohol varies from 80% to 98% ethanol at 1% intervals. The Pertalite and Pertamax used for each sample was 7 ml while ethanol was added while shaking with a circular motion of the test tube until the solution became one phase. Using 80% ethanol in the mixture produces a Pertalite: pure ethanol: water ratio of 1: 11.65: 2.91 (in volume units), while 98% ethanol in the mixture produces a Pertalite: pure ethanol: water ratio of 1: 0.007 : 0.001 (in units of volume). For Pertamax, the minimum ethanol concentration mixed with Pertamax into a single-phase emulsion is 88% with a composition of 1: 5.91: 0.81. Keywords: ethanol, Pertalite, Pertamax. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat bahan bakar gasohol dengan beberapa campuran antara etanol dan Pertamax juga etanol dan Pertalite. Tahapan yang pertama yaitu pembuatan etanol dari nira aren yang sudah terfermentasi. Kemudian dilakukan proses destilasi etanol untuk mendapatkan kemurnian di atas 80%. Tahapan selanjutnya yaitu proses pencampuran etanol dengan Pertalite dan Pertamax dimana konsentrasi etanol yang akan dicampur dengan Pertamax dan Pertalite untuk menjadi gasohol divariasikan mulai dari etanol 80% sampai 98% dengan interval 1%. Pertalite dan Pertamax yang digunakan untuk setiap sampel adalah 7 ml sementara untuk etanol ditambahkan sambil diputar dalam tabung reaksi sampai larutan menjadi satu fasa. Dengan menggunakan etanol 80% dalam campuran menghasilkan perbandingan Pertalite : etanol murni : air adalah 1: 11,65: 2,91 (dalam satuan volume), sementara untuk etanol 98% dalam campuran menghasilkan perbandingan Pertalite : etanol murni : air adalah 1: 0.007: 0.001 (dalam satuan volume). Untuk Pertamax, konsentrasi etanol minimum yang dicampur dengan Pertamax menjadi emulsi satu fase adalah 88% dengan komposisi 1: 5.91: 0.81. Konsentrasi etanol maksimum yang dicampur dengan Pertamax menjadi emulsi satu fase adalah 97% dengan perbandingan  volume Pertamax : etanol murni : air adalah 1: 0,41: 0,02.Kata kunci : etanol, Pertalite, Pertamax

Analisis Pengaruh Radiasi Gelombang Mikro Pada Struktur Kristal Pati (Starch)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa Perubahan struktur Kristal sampel setelah diberi perlakuan awal (pretreatment) dengan cara memanfaatkan radiasi gelombang Elektromagnetik. Alat yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah microwave sedangkan sampel atau substrat yang dipilih adalah pati singkong yang telah dihaluskan dan dikeringkan di bawah sinar matahari selama beberapa waktu. Bahan yang telah di pretreatment dengan microwave selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan SEM, XRD dan FTIR. Karakterisasi substrat yang telah mengalami proses pretreatment kemudian dibandingkan dengan sampel alami.SEM menunjukan bahwa permukaan granula dari sampel yang dilakukan pretreatment mengalami Perubahan. Dari pola XRD memperlihatkan Perubahan Kristal menjadi lebih amorf pada sudut antara 15-24°, sedangkan pola FTIR terjadi pergeseran wilayah serapan gelombang inframerah pada sampel yang dilakukan pretreatmentThis research is aimed to analyze the change of sample crystal structure after it was given a pretreatment by utilizing the microwave radiation. The device that was used in this research was a microwave set, while the chosen sample or subtrate was starch which has been mashed and dried under the sunlight for days. Material that was conducted a pretreatment was then measured using SEM, XRD and FTIR. Characterization of the subtrate that has been undergone the pretreatment was then compared to the natural sample.The SEM showed that the granule surface of treated substrate changed while the XRD pattern displayed a transformation to be more amorphous at the angles of 15-24°. The FTIR pattern revealed the absorption of infrared wave shifted for the sample treated by microwave compared to that of original substrate

Renewable Energy Optimization Report for Naval Station Newport

In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the RE-Powering America's Land initiative to encourage the development of renewable energy (RE) on potentially contaminated land and mine sites. As part of this effort, EPA is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate RE options at Naval Station (NAVSTA) Newport in Newport, Rhode Island. NREL's Renewable Energy Optimization (REO) tool was utilized to identify RE technologies that present the best opportunity for life-cycle cost-effective implementation while also serving to reduce energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and increase the percentage of RE used at NAVSTA Newport. The technologies included in REO are daylighting, wind, solar ventilation preheating (SVP), solar water heating, photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal (heating and electric), and biomass (gasification and cogeneration). The optimal mix of RE technologies depends on several factors including RE resources; technology cost and performance; state, utility, and federal incentives; and economic parameters (discount and inflation rates). Each of these factors was considered in this analysis. Technologies not included in REO that were investigated separately per NAVSTA Newport request include biofuels from algae, tidal power, and ground source heat pumps (GSHP)

Controlling Microscopic Friction through Mechanical Oscillations

We study in detail the recent suggestions by Tshiprut et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 016101 (2005)] to tune tribological properties at the nanoscale by subjecting a substrate to periodic mechanical oscillations. We show that both in stick-slip and sliding regimes of motion friction can be tuned and reduced by controlling the frequency and amplitude of the imposed substrate lateral excitations. We demonstrate that the mechanisms of oscillation-induced reduction of friction are different for stick-slip and sliding dynamics. In the first regime the effect results from a giant enhancement of surface diffusion, while in the second regime it is due to the interplay between washboard and oscillation frequencies that leads to the occurrence of parametric resonances. Moreover we show that for particular set of parameters it is possible to sustain the motion with the only oscillations

Leadership and Stewardship of the Laboratory (Objective 4.1) Notable Outcome - Phase II Alternative Analysis and PNNL Site Plan Recommendation

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the Pacific Northwest Site Office (PNSO) have recently completed an effort to identify the current state of the campus and gaps that exist with regards to space needs, facilities and infrastructure. This effort has been used to establish a campus strategy to ensure PNNL is ready to further the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) mission. Ten-year business projections and the impacts on space needs were assessed and incorporated into the long-term facility plans. In identifying/quantifying the space needs for PNNL, the following categories were addressed: Multi-purpose Programmatic (wet chemistry and imaging laboratory space), Strategic (Systems Engineering and Computation Analytics, and Collaboration space), Remediation (space to offset the loss of the Research Technology Laboratory [RTL] Complex due to decontamination and demolition), and Optimization (the exit of older and less cost-effective facilities). The findings of the space assessment indicate a need for wet chemistry space, imaging space, and strategic space needs associated with systems engineering and collaboration space. Based on the analysis, a 10-year campus strategy evolved that balanced four strategic objectives, as directed by the DOE Office of Science (DOE-SC): • Mission Alignment - maintain customer satisfaction • Reasonable & Achievable - do what makes sense from a practical and cost perspective • Campus Continuity - increase the federal control of assets and follow the Campus Master Plan • Guiding Principles - modern, collaborative, flexible, and sustainable. This strategy considered the following possible approaches to meet the identified space needs: • Institutional General Plant Project (IGPP) funded projects • Third party leased facilities • Science Laboratory Infrastructure (SLI) line item funded projects. Pairing the four strategic objectives with additional key metrics as criteria for selection, an initial recommendation was made to DOE-SC to use all three funding mechanisms to deliver the mission need. DOE-SC provided feedback that third party facilities are not to be pursued at this time. The decision was made by DOE that an IGPP-funded program would be the base plan, while retaining the possibility of a 2019 SLI-funded project. The SLI project will be designed to deliver significant impact on science and technology (S&T) and support the development of a modern, synergistic core campus where a collaborative and innovative environment is fostered. The specific scientific impact will be further defined in the 2015 and 2016 Annual Laboratory Plans. Additionally, opportunities will be explored to construct annexes on current federal facilities, including the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), if proven synergistic and cost effective. The final result of this effort is an actionable, flexible plan with scope, schedule, and cost targets for individual acquisition projects. Implemented as planned, the result will increase federal ownership by approximately 15 percent, reduce the operating cost by approximately 7 percent, and reduce the geographic facility footprint by approximately 66,000 gross square feet (GSF). Reduction of surplus space will be addressed while maintaining customer satisfaction, lowering operating costs, reducing the campus footprint, and increasing the federal control of assets. This strategy is documented in PNNL’s 2014 Laboratory Plan

Advanced Modeling of Renewable Energy Market Dynamics: May 2006

This report documents a year-long academic project, presenting selected techniques for analysis of market growth, penetration, and forecasting applicable to renewable energy technologies. Existing mathematical models were modified to incorporate the effects of fiscal policies and were evaluated using available data. The modifications were made based on research and classification of current mathematical models used for predicting market penetration. An analysis of the results was carried out, based on available data. MATLAB versions of existing and new models were developed for research and policy analysis

Rowing against the wind: how do times of austerity shape academic entrepreneurship in unfriendly environments?

[EN] Academic spin-offs (ASOs) help universities transfer knowledge or technology through business projects developed by academic staff. This investigation aims at analyzing the critical factors for spin-off creation at universities operating in crisis-raven, entrepreneurship-unfriendly environments. Such factors revolve around four types of resources: environmental, institutional, organizational, and personal. Focusing on a Southern European context, as an example of an unfriendly environment affected by economic crisis, an entrepreneurial university (the Technical University of Valencia in Spain, UPV) is our research setting. Through a case study approach, we examine the potential of UPV as a springboard for ASOs. Our results show an adverse local environment, a rather favorable influence of institutional and organizational drivers, and a mixed role of personal factors. Our findings illustrate that UPV consistently supports spin-off creation due to a greater (rather positive) reflexivity from its institutional, organizational and personal resources than the (negative) imprinting of the unfriendly environment. This helps counter-balance the structural unfriendliness for academic entrepreneurship, and trigger a crisis-led risk-taking attitude by academic staff. Hence, UPV should continue with its current strategy of supporting academic entrepreneurship, and might transfer best practices to other universities also affected by unfavorable environmental conditions. Generally speaking, we would advise universities facing adverse circumstances to develop rules and mechanisms for academic entrepreneurship, carefully revise and improve malfunctions, and become involved throughout the whole process of spin-off development. 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Nonvolatile voltage controlled molecular spin‐state switching for memory applications

Nonvolatile, molecular multiferroic devices have now been demonstrated, but it is worth giving some consideration to the issue of whether such devices could be a competitive alternative for solid-state nonvolatile memory. For the Fe (II) spin crossover complex [Fe{H2B(pz)2}2(bipy)], where pz = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)-borohydride and bipy = 2,20-bipyridine, voltage-controlled isothermal changes in the electronic structure and spin state have been demonstrated and are accompanied by changes in conductance. Higher conductance is seen with [Fe{H2B(pz)2}2(bipy)] in the high spin state, while lower conductance occurs for the low spin state. Plausibly, there is the potential here for low-cost molecular solid-state memory because the essential molecular thin films are easily fabricated. However, successful device fabrication does not mean a device that has a practical value. Here, we discuss the progress and challenges yet facing the fabrication of molecular multiferroic devices, which could be considered competitive to silicon