Gute Milch - schlechte Milch

Kernthema der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit ist das Stillen. Durch die Einbettung der Arbeit im interdisziplinären und vom FWF finanzierten Forschungsprojekt „Asia Women`s Voices on Gender, Body, Health and Care” unter der Leitung von Frau Dr. Christine Binder-Fritz ergibt sich die Fokussierung auf Chinesische Migrantinnen. Durch die Beantwortung der forschungsleitenden Fragestellung nach der Bedeutung von Muttermilch im chinesischen Kontext einerseits und den Faktoren, welche andererseits das Stillverhalten von chinesischen Frauen in der Migration beeinflussen, insbesondere welchen Einfluss die Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin in diesem Zusammenhang hat, soll dieser marginalisierten Personengruppe eine Stimme verliehen werden. Ziel ist es, einen Einblick in das diesbezügliche Verhalten der Chinesinnen in Wien zu geben, ohne dabei den Anspruch universeller Gültigkeit zu erheben. Mit dieser Arbeit soll dem Themenkomplex des Stillens mehr Raum im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs innerhalb der Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie gegeben werden. Die Durchführung einer qualitativen Studie unter chinesischen Frauen, TCM-ExpertInnen und Stillberaterinnen und die Auswertung der so gewonnenen Daten mit Hilfe qualitativer Methoden dienen der Erreichung der Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit und der Beantwortung der grundlegenden Forschungsfragen.The core topic of my thesis is breastfeeding. My research will contribute to the project „Asia Women`s Voices on Gender, Body, Health and Care”, under the direction of Dr. Christine Binder-Fritz and financed by FWF. Owing to my participation, migrant women from China are the focus of my research. It is my intention to give this marginalized group a voice through the completion of a fundamental research question, focusing on the meaning of breast milk in the Chinese context, and on the factors influencing breastfeeding behavior among Chinese women in Vienna. The goal is to give insight into the breastfeeding-related behavior of Chinese women in Vienna, without asserting a claim to universal applicability, and with the intention of opening up more room for the thematic complex of breastfeeding within the scientific discourse of cultural and social anthropology. The completion of a qualitative study involving Chinese women, TCM-experts and lactation consultants, and the analysis of the gathered data with the help of qualitative methods, will serve to achieve the project’s goal and to answer the fundamental research questions

Informelles Lernen und digitale Medien

Stephanie Moser und Doris Lewalter stellen am Beispiel Museum aus transdisziplinärer Sicht grundlegende theoretische Konzepte sowie empirische Befunde hinsichtlich digital vermittelter Lernprozesse im Kontext informellen Lernens vor. Dabei werden maßgebliche Merkmale von informellen Lernorten sowie von digitalen Medien erläutert. Wesentliche Forschungsstränge zum informellen Lehren und Lernen werden aufgezeigt sowie die Rolle der digitalen Medien in informellen Lernorten näher beleuchtet. Theoretische Ansätze und Forschungsergebnisse aus der Perspektive von Fachexpertinnen*, der Besucher*forschung und aus pädagogisch-psychologischer Sicht werden ebenso beschrieben wie Erkenntnisse speziell zum Lernen mit digitalen Medien in Museen. Aktuelle Herausforderungen, die insbesondere die methodischen Zugänge betreffen, werden diskutiert und abschließend Lehrveranstaltungen zum Thema exemplarisch dargelegt. (Herausgeber)Using the example of museums, Stephanie Moser and Doris Lewalter present basic theoretical concepts and empirical findings regarding digitally mediated learning processes in the context of informal learning from a transdisciplinary perspective. In doing so, they explain relevant characteristics of informal learning places as well as of digital media. Major research strands on informal teaching and learning will be highlighted and the role of digital media in informal learning spaces will be examined in more detail. Theoretical approaches and research results from the perspective of experts, visitor research and from the pedagogical-psychological point of view are described as well as findings specifically on learning with digital media in museums. Current challenges, especially those concerning methodological approaches, are discussed and, finally, examples of courses on the topic are presented. (Editor

The intermicrovillar adhesion complex in gut barrier function and inflammation

The surface of intestinal epithelial cells is covered by the brush border, which consists of densely packed cellular extrusions called microvilli. Until recently, microvilli have not been known to be interconnected. In 2014, a protein complex, called the intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) which is located at the tips of the microvilli and responsible for the regular spatial organization of the brush border, was identified. Deletion of IMAC components such as cadherin-related family member-2 (CDHR2) in mice resulted in microvillus disorganization and fanning, a structural aberration that is also found in the brush border of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has been primarily associated with dysfunctional mucosal immunity, but the discovery of the IMAC may encourage theories of an epithelial origin. Here, possible effects of the brush border on the gut barrier function and intestinal inflammation are discussed proposing that the IMAC protects against inflammation through its microvillus cross-linking function

A New Synthetic Conduit for the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Background Peripheral nerve defects (PND) often cause lifelong physical disability, and the available treatment options are often not satisfactory. PND are usually bridged with an autologous nerve transplant or a nerve guidance conduit (NGC), when coaptation as preferred technique is not possible. The aim of this experimental study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel NGC for regeneration in the treatment of PND. Materials and methods A conduit made of gelatin with an innovative interior structure was tested for the repair of a 6-mm gap versus direct microsurgical suture repair without gap. Results We found that bridging the defect with this conduit was as effective as direct microsurgical coaptation without a defect. Conclusions This nerve conduit, effective in bridging neural defects, appears as an alternative to autologous nerve grafts, avoiding the problems related to nerve graft harvesting, host–donor differences in diameter, mismatches in number and pattern of fascicles, cross-sectional shape and area, and morbidity of the donor area

Tissue-regenerative potential of the secretome of γ-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells is mediated via TNFRSF1B-induced necroptosis.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have been shown to produce and release a plethora of pro-angiogenetic factors in response to γ-irradiation, partially accounting for their tissue-regenerative capacity. Here, we investigated whether a certain cell subtype of PBMCs is responsible for this effect, and whether the type of cell death affects the pro-angiogenic potential of bioactive molecules released by γ-irradiated PBMCs. PBMCs and PBMC subpopulations, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells, were isolated and subjected to high-dose γ-irradiation. Transcriptome analysis revealed subpopulation-specific responses to γ-irradiation with distinct activation of pro-angiogenic pathways, cytokine production, and death receptor signalling. Analysis of the proteins released showed that interactions of the subsets are important for the generation of a pro-angiogenic secretome. This result was confirmed at the functional level by the finding that the secretome of γ-irradiated PBMCs displayed higher pro-angiogenic activity in an aortic ring assay. Scanning electron microscopy and image stream analysis of γ-irradiated PBMCs revealed distinct morphological changes, indicative for apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. While inhibition of apoptosis had no effect on the pro-angiogenic activity of the secretome, inhibiting necroptosis in stressed PBMCs abolished blood vessel sprouting. Mechanistically, we identified tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member 1B as the main driver of necroptosis in response to γ-irradiation in PBMCs, which was most likely mediated via membrane-bound TNF-α. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the pro-angiogenic activity of the secretome of γ-irradiated PBMCs requires interplay of different PBMC subpopulations. Furthermore, we show that TNF-dependent necroptosis is an indispensable molecular process for conferring tissue-regenerative activity and for the pro-angiogenic potential of the PBMC secretome. These findings contribute to a better understanding of secretome-based therapies in regenerative medicine

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good