Altering the Parameters of Single Projectiles Impacting Water.

Objects with rough surface texture creates underwater cylindrical air cavities on impacting water pools, influencing underwater trajectory, structural integrity and drag forces associated with the impacting bodies. A great deal of studies has looked into these parameters for single sphere water entry cases, with little research focusing on multiple projectile entry. This study explores a novel simultaneous two-sphere water entry system, elucidating how the two interacting cavities created by the spheres leads to a shorter seal time for both of them, and how this sealing time depends on the horizontal distances between the two spheres

Hyper-Velocity Impact Performance of Foldcore Sandwich Composites

A foldcore is a novel core made from a flat sheet of any material folded into a desired pattern. A foldcore sandwich composite (FSC) provides highly tailorable structural performance over conventional sandwich composites made with honeycomb or synthetic polymer foam cores. Foldcore design can be optimized to accommodate complex shapes and unit cell geometries suitable for protective shielding structures This work aims to characterize hypervelocity impact (\u3e 2000 m/s, HVI) response and corresponding damage morphologies of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) FSCs. A series of normal (0° impact angle) and oblique (45° impact angle) HVI (~3km/s nominal projectile velocity) impact tests were performed on CFRP FSC targets to understand the effects of projectile impact on redirected debris formation, and variable debris cloud expansion. HVI damage in FSC targets were assessed using visual inspection and high-speed imaging analysis. The results from the present study indicate that debris cloud propagation and expansion are strongly influenced by foldcore impact location/angle and open-channel direction. This work serves as a baseline study to understand HVI response of FSC targets and to identify critical FSC design parameters to optimize HVI mitigation performance

Individuals Wearing Cleats Transitioning from Sitting to Standing Demonstrate a Significant Decrease in Blood Flow to the Foot

Plantar fasciopathy is a common foot condition with 10% prevalence in the general population. Plantar fasciosis (a type of fasciopathy) is considered a degenerative condition associated with cell death due to a lack of blood flow. Narrow, tight footwear, such as cleats, have been implicated as a potential contributing factors for the development of plantar fasciopathy and their direct influence on blood flow to the foot is currently unknown. PURPOSE: To investigate blood flow change in the anterior and posterior tibial arteries between sitting and standing in a cleated foot. METHODS: Eight individuals participated in this pilot study (weight=70.5 kg±12.9, height=1.8m±0.17). The participant put cleats on both feet, with a perceived tightness of 5/10 or greater on a VAS scale. Blood flow volume measurements of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries were taken simultaneously using pulse wave ultrasound, while the participant sat on a platform. These measurements were then repeated in the standing position on the same platform. Blood flow was measured in the dominate shod foot. A paired t-test was used to compare sitting to standing conditions within participants. RESULTS: In the anterior tibial artery, average volume flow changed from 6.25 ml/min (sitting) to 2.6 ml/min (standing), a 58% drop in blood flow (p=0.09). In the posterior tibial artery, volume flow decreased from an average of 11.25 ml/min to 3.95 ml/min, a decrease of 65% (p\u3c0.05). Total reduced blood flow between the two arteries decreased from 8.75 ml/min to 3.28 ml/min, a 63% drop (p\u3c0.05). CONCLUSION: There appears to be an important alteration of blood flow to the foot in individuals wearing cleats as they transition from a sitting to standing position. If this decrease in blood flow were to persist while wearing cleats, it may help explain the development of plantar fasciopathy observed in individuals wearing narrow, tight footwear

Understanding adhesion at as-deposited interfaces from ab initio thermodynamics of deposition growth: thin-film alumina on titanium carbide

We investigate the chemical composition and adhesion of chemical vapour deposited thin-film alumina on TiC using and extending a recently proposed nonequilibrium method of ab initio thermodynamics of deposition growth (AIT-DG) [Rohrer J and Hyldgaard P 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 045415]. A previous study of this system [Rohrer J, Ruberto C and Hyldgaard P 2010 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22 015004] found that use of equilibrium thermodynamics leads to predictions of a non-binding TiC/alumina interface, despite the industrial use as a wear-resistant coating. This discrepancy between equilibrium theory and experiment is resolved by the AIT-DG method which predicts interfaces with strong adhesion. The AIT-DG method combines density functional theory calculations, rate-equation modelling of the pressure evolution of the deposition environment and thermochemical data. The AIT-DG method was previously used to predict prevalent terminations of growing or as-deposited surfaces of binary materials. Here we extent the method to predict surface and interface compositions of growing or as-deposited thin films on a substrate and find that inclusion of the nonequilibrium deposition environment has important implications for the nature of buried interfaces.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to J. Phys.: Condens. Matte

Immune Cell and Cytokine Patterns in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing a Remission Phase: A Longitudinal Study

Objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops in distinct stages, before and after disease onset. Whether the natural course translates into different immunologic patterns is still uncertain. This study aimed at identifying peripheral immune patterns at key time-points, in T1D children undergoing remission phase. Methods: Children with new-onset T1D and healthy age and gender-matched controls were recruited at a pediatric hospital. Peripheral blood samples were evaluated by flow cytometry at 3 longitudinal time-points: onset (T1), remission phase (T2) and established disease (T3). Cytokine levels were quantified by multiplex assay. Fasting C-peptide, HbA1c, and 25OHD were also measured. Results: T1D children (n = 28; 10.0 ± 2.6 years) showed significant differences from controls in circulating neutrophils, T helper (Th)17 and natural killer (NK) cells, with relevant variations during disease progression. At onset, neutrophils, NK, Th17 and T cytotoxic (Tc)17 cells were decreased. As disease progressed, neutrophil counts recovered whereas NK counts remained low. Th17 and Tc17 cells behavior followed the neutrophil variation pattern. B-cells were lowest in the remission phase and regulatory T-cells significantly declined after remission. Two cytokine response profiles were identified. Low cytokine-responders showed higher circulating fasting C-peptide levels at onset and longer remission periods. C-peptide inversely correlated with pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic cells. Conclusions: Our data suggest an association between immune cells, cytokine patterns and metabolic counterparts. The dynamic changes of circulating immune cells during disease progression involve key innate and acquired immune cell types. This longitudinal picture of T1D progression may enable disease staging and patient stratification, essential for individualized treatment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on North Atlantic seamounts

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology 31 (2010): 121-143, doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00395.x.Seamounts are considered to play a defining role in the evolution and diversity of marine fauna, acting as “stepping-stones” for dispersal, regional centers of genetic isolation and speciation, and refugia for deep-sea populations. This study focused on the patterns of dispersal and genetic connectivity of four seamount ophiuroid species (Asteroschema clavigera, Ophiocreas oedipus, Ophioplinthaca abyssalis and Ophioplinthaca chelys) displaying differing levels of associative (epifaunal) specificity to cold-water coral hosts inhabiting the New England and Corner Rise Seamount chains, and Muir Seamount in the Northwestern Atlantic. Analyses of mt16S and mtCOI revealed evidence for recent population expansion and high gene flow for all four species. However, species-specific genetic differentiation was significant based on seamount region and depth. Significant differences were found among regional seamount groups for A. clavigera, within seamount regions and seamounts for O. chelys, among 250 m depth intervals for A. clavigera, among 100 m depth intervals for O. oedipus, and there were indications of isolation by distance for A. clavigera and O. oedipus. In addition, A. clavigera and O. oedipus, broadcast spawners with high fidelity to specific coral hosts, displayed predominantly westward historical migration, while the ophioplinthacids, with lower host-specificity, displayed predominantly eastward migration. No congruent patterns of historical migration were evident among species and seamounts, yet these patterns can be correlated with species-specific host specificity, specific depth strata, and dispersal strategies. Conservation efforts to protect seamount ecosystems should promote multi-species approaches to genetic connectivity, and consider the impact of the “dependence” of biodiversity on host fauna in these vulnerable marine ecosystems.We are grateful for the support provided by the Office of Ocean Exploration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA05OAR4601054) the National Science Foundation (OCE- 0624627; OCE-0451983; OCE-0647612), the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute (Fellowship support to TMS), the Ocean Life Institute and Academic Programs Office of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Census of Marine Life field program CenSeam (a global census of marine life on seamounts) (Grant #12301)

Early Markers of Glycaemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences. In a longitudinal study, we aimed to identify factors present at diagnosis and 6 months later that were associated with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1c) levels at 24 months after T1DM diagnosis, so that diabetic children at risk of poor glycaemic control may be identified. Methods: 229 children,15 years of age diagnosed with T1DM in the Auckland region were studied. Data collected at diagnosis were: age, sex, weight, height, ethnicity, family living arrangement, socio-economic status (SES), T1DM antibody titre, venous pH and bicarbonate. At 6 and 24 months after diagnosis we collected data on weight, height, HbA 1c level, and insulin dose. Results: Factors at diagnosis that were associated with higher HbA1c levels at 6 months: female sex (p,0.05), lower SES (p,0.01), non-European ethnicity (p,0.01) and younger age (p,0.05). At 24 months, higher HbA1c was associated with lower SES (p,0.001), Pacific Island ethnicity (p,0.001), not living with both biological parents (p,0.05), and greater BMI SDS (p,0.05). A regression equation to predict HbA1c at 24 months was consequently developed. Conclusions: Deterioration in glycaemic control shortly after diagnosis in diabetic children is particularly marked in Pacific Island children and in those not living with both biological parents. Clinicians need to be aware of factors associated wit

Repurposing NGO data for better research outcomes: A scoping review of the use and secondary analysis of NGO data in health policy and systems research

Background Non-government organisations (NGOs) collect and generate vast amounts of potentially rich data, most of which are not used for research purposes. Secondary analysis of NGO data (their use and analysis in a study for which they were not originally collected) presents an important but largely unrealised opportunity to provide new research insights in critical areas including the evaluation of health policy and programmes. Methods A scoping review of the published literature was performed to identify the extent to which secondary analysis of NGO data has been used in health policy and systems research (HPSR). A tiered analytic approach provided a comprehensive overview and descriptive analyses of the studies which: 1) used data produced or collected by or about NGOs; 2) performed secondary analysis of the NGO data (beyond use of an NGO report as a supporting reference); 3) used NGO-collected clinical data. Results Of the 156 studies which performed secondary analysis of NGO-produced or collected data, 64% (n=100) used NGO-produced reports (e.g. to critique NGO activities and as a contextual reference) and 8% (n=13) analysed NGO-collected clinical data.. Of the studies, 55% investigated service delivery research topics, with 48% undertaken in developing countries and 17% in both developing and developed. NGO-collected clinical data enabled HPSR within marginalised groups (e.g. migrants, people in conflict-affected areas), with some limitations such as inconsistencies and missing data. Conclusion We found evidence that NGO-collected and produced data are most commonly perceived as a source of supporting evidence for HPSR and not as primary source data. However, these data can facilitate research in under-researched marginalised groups and in contexts that are hard to reach by academics, such as conflict-affected areas. NGO–academic collaboration could help address issues of NGO data quality to facilitate their more widespread use in research. Their use could enable relevant and timely research in the areas of health policy, programme evaluation and advocacy to improve health and reduce health inequalities, especially in marginalised groups and developing countries

Creating and curating an archive: Bury St Edmunds and its Anglo-Saxon past

This contribution explores the mechanisms by which the Benedictine foundation of Bury St Edmunds sought to legitimise and preserve their spurious pre-Conquest privileges and holdings throughout the Middle Ages. The archive is extraordinary in terms of the large number of surviving registers and cartularies which contain copies of Anglo-Saxon charters, many of which are wholly or partly in Old English. The essay charts the changing use to which these ancient documents were put in response to threats to the foundation's continued enjoyment of its liberties. The focus throughout the essay is to demonstrate how pragmatic considerations at every stage affects the development of the archive and the ways in which these linguistically challenging texts were presented, re-presented, and represented during the Abbey’s history