Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Critical slowing down and noise-induced intermittency in bistable perception: Bifurcation analysis

Coreopsis (Asteraceae) sect. Pseudoagarista is the largest section in the genus. It is disjunct between the high mountains of Mexico and high elevations in the Andes. Most species in the section are similar in floral and fruit characters, and are distinguished primarily by leaf characters. Despite the morphological similarity among all species, the monophyly of the section has been called into question by molecular data. Prior studies of tribe Coreopsideae have been equivocal with, cpDNA markers indicating monophyly but nrDNA ITS sequences have not resolved the section as monophyletic. Expanded cpDNA and nrDNA ITS datasets, and statistical (i.e., AU) tests of the ITS and cpDNA topologies provide support that sect. Pseudoagarista is not monophyletic. Both data partitions strongly support the Mexican and South American subclades as monophyletic. The low cpDNA sequence variation within each subclade provides no resolution, and thus patterns of evolution within each were examined using a phylogenetic framework estimated from ITS data. Sequences from ITS fail to provide high resolution of relationships among South American species, a likely result of a recent, rapid radiation, as is known in other Andean lineages. Divergence among species is generally higher in the Mexican species, resulting in better resolution of phylogenetic relationships compared to South American species. Three ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid) are known in species from South America, and diploids and tetraploids have been documented in Mexico. Multiple origins of polyploidy are indicated for both geographic areas. " International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2014.",,,,,,"10.12705/635.31",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/40376","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908245555&partnerID=40&md5=3e1a6ca2861212b9ea6411bd57b79d7c",,,,,,"5",,"Taxon",,"109

Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae)

The endemic Hawaiian lobeliads are exceptionally species rich and exhibit striking diversity in habitat, growth form, pollination biology and seed dispersal, but their origins and pattern of diversification remain shrouded in mystery. Up to five independent colonizations have been proposed based on morphological differences among extant taxa. We present a molecular phylogeny showing that the Hawaiian lobeliads are the product of one immigration event; that they are the largest plant clade on any single oceanic island or archipelago; that their ancestor arrived roughly 13 Myr ago; and that this ancestor was most likely woody, wind-dispersed, bird-pollinated, and adapted to open habitats at mid-elevations. Invasion of closed tropical forests is associated with evolution of fleshy fruits. Limited dispersal of such fruits in wet-forest understoreys appears to have accelerated speciation and led to a series of parallel adaptive radiations in Cyanea, with most species restricted to single islands. Consistency of Cyanea diversity across all tall islands except Hawai `i suggests that diversification of Cyanea saturates in less than 1.5 Myr. Lobeliad diversity appears to reflect a hierarchical adaptive radiation in habitat, then elevation and flower-tube length, and provides important insights into the pattern and tempo of diversification in a species-rich clade of tropical plants

Duodenal adenomas and cancer in MUTYH-associated polyposis: an international cohort study

Hereditary cancer genetic