El crowdfunding en España y sus aplicaciones en el ocio

En este trabajo estudiaremos el crowdfunding como fuente de financiación dada la importancia que está adquiriendo en los últimos años, para ello analizaremos el concepto de crowdfunding, incluyendo sus diversas clases, así como su evolución histórica desde su origen, centrándonos principalmente en la modalidad de recompensa. Adicionalmente analizaremos algunas de las plataformas de crowdfunding de recompensa más importantes tanto a nivel internacional como a nivel español y se realizara una comparativa entre las mismas. Posteriormente nos adentraremos en la situación del crowdfunding en España en los últimos años con el objetivo de determinar la tendencia y hacer predicciones acerca de la situación de esta modalidad de financiación en el futuro. También se estudiara la legislación aplicable a las plataformas de financiación participativa y de la misma forma se analizara el impacto fiscal que tiene esta modalidad de crowdfunding entre los diferentes sujetos participantes en el proyecto de recaudación. Para concluir determinaremos las posibles aplicaciones del crowdfunding en el mundo del ocio, ilustrando a través de ejemplos reales posibles usos.Universidad de Sevilla. Doble Grado de Derecho y Finanzas y Contabilida

Use of water soluble extracts from ulva sp. by probiotics and fish bacterial pathogens

BACKGROUNDS The potential of seaweeds as dietary components is considered for a wide range of cultured fish species. In this context, Ulva is investigated as a good source of protein, minerals and vitamins. In addition, of probiotics are used to improve fish growth and modulate immune system and intestinal microbiota. To promote probiotics colonization and maintenance in the intestine, prebiotics are included in fish diets. Prebiotics are indigestible substrates used as energy sources for gastrointestinal microbiota, with a positive effect on the nutrition and health status of the host. In the present work, ability of selected probiotic and fish pathogen strains to use water soluble extracts from Ulva as nutrient source has been evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water-soluble extracts from Ulva sp. prepared by sonication of dehydrated samples were used to supplement minimum medium (M9). Probiotics and pathogens growth was evaluated based on the optical densities measured with a microplate reader. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Probiotics were able to grow in minimum medium using water soluble extracts as nutrient source. On the other hand, P. damselae subsp. piscicida and V. harveyistrains were also able to grow with Ulvaextracts as nutrient source. However, incubation time to reach maximum growth was longer. Although Ulva extract may support growth of both probiotics and pathogen bacteria, faster growth of probiotics may help for the establishment of probiotic populations in the intestinal environment. In addition, beneficial effects on growth performance, gut microbiota, immunity and disease resistance of Ulva for Solea senegalensisare being studied. This work was funded by INIA, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER (RTA201400023 C0202).This work was funded by INIA, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER (RTA201400023 C0202).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Análisis de las consignas de un manual de FLE en Educación Primaria

Para el contenido de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado -desde la atención a la calidad en el desarrollo de la Competencia de comunicación en Francés, lengua extranjera en las secciones bilingües-, se focaliza la atención en los manuales elaborados para los primeros niveles de Educación Primaria. Se analiza un manual-tipo, a la búsqueda de la adecuación y coherencia de las consignas que presiden las actividades propuestas, respecto a las estrategias movilizadas y las actividades comunicativas de la lengua objeto de enseñanza y aprendizaje.Pour le contenu de ce Travail de Fin de Degré - visant à améliorer la qualité dans le développement de la Compétence de communication en Français, langue étrangère dans les sections bilingues-, l’accent est mis sur les manuels élaborés pour les premiers niveaux de l’Enseignement Primaire. Un manuel type est analysé, afin de s’assurer de l’adéquation et de la cohérence des consignes des activités proposées, en ce qui concerne les stratégies mobilisées et les activités de communication de la langue objet d’enseignement-apprentissage.Grado en Educación Primari

Use of in-vivo induced antigen technology to identify bacterial genes expressed during Solea senegalensis infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

The marine fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is responsible for important disease outbreaks affecting several fish species including flatfish Solea senegalensis (Kaup). Phdp is able to avoid host defences by invasion and intracellular survival in non-phagocytic cells, mainly epithelial cells. Virulence factors reported in Phdp include restricting complement-mediated activity, apoptosis of phagocytes caused by exotoxins secretion, iron acquisition mechanisms such as siderophores that enable the pathogen to obtain iron from transferrin and ability to bind haemin and antioxidant enzymatic activities capable to counteract superoxide radicals (Do Vale et al., 2005; Andreoni and Magnano, 2014). Commonly, genes expressed during pathogen infection are important for pathogenicity. In vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) (Handfield et al., 2000) has been used to identify in vivo-induced genes using pooled sera from fish that have experienced photobacteriosis. Materials and methods Sera were obtained from surviving S. senegalensis specimens after sublethal infection with Phdp (Lg41/01) and subsequently pooled and adsorbed against in vitro grown Phdp Lg41/01 and Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and lysates according to Handfield et al. (2000). The efficiency of sera adsorption was evaluated based on the immunoreactivity after each adsorption step with whole and lysed Phdp cells grown in vitro. A genomic expression library of Phdp Lg41/01 was generated in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET-30 expression system (Novagen, San Diego, CA, USA). The expression library was probed with adsorbed and non-absorbed sera using immunoblot technique. Reactive clones of in vivo-induced and in vitro antigens were obtained, purified and their inserted DNA sequenced (Macrogen Europe, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Nucleotide sequences were compared against the NCBI protein database using BLASTx. Results A progressive reduction in sera immunoreactivity against in vitro grown Phdp cells was detected after the adsorption rounds, especially after the first adsorption step. Thus, following adsorption steps substantially removed antibodies against in vitro expressed antigens and resulted in relative enrichment in antibodies recognizing in vivo expressed antigens. The library from Phdp Lg14/01 constructed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) consisted of approximately 6500 recombinants. A total of 117 clones were selected for their reactivity with pooled adsorbed and non-adsorbed sera from convalescent S. senegalensis specimens after a first round of screening. In a second screening, 14 out of 117 candidate clones showed positive reaction, among which two clones were clearly positive and two gave weak reaction against adsorbed sera. Predicted proteins codified by inserted sequences have intracellular and membrane cell location and are involved in virulence, synthesis of intermediary products, energy metabolism and gene replication. Inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) have been identified as in vivo induced antigens expressed during S. senegalensis infection with Phdp. Iron/manganese superoxide dismutase (Fe/Mn-SOD) and alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) proteins have also been identified, though with weak signal. Discussion and conclusion Identification of immunogenic bacterial proteins during Phdp infection is essential for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and development of effective vaccines. AhpC peroxidase activity has a protective role by reducing hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite and organic hydroperoxides. Immunization with AhpC conferred protection against Helicobacter pylori infection (O’Riordan et al., 2012). IMPDH catalyzes the conversion of products essential in de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. Adequate levels of purine nucleotides are critical for cell proliferation, nucleic acid replication, cell signaling and as a biochemical energy source. This gene is an important therapeutic target against bacterial diseases (Shu and Nair,2008). In conclusion, different genes expressed during Phdp infection in S. senegalensis have been identified. Among them, IMPDH and AhpC have been identified as in vivo induced antigens expressed during S. senegalensis infection with Phdp. Thus, they are likely to play a role in the virulence of Phdp. The antigenic character of these proteins makes them potential targets for the development of new vaccines. References Andreoni, F., and Magnani, M., 2014. Photobacteriosis: Prevention and Diagnosis. Journal of Immunology Research, 2014: 1-7. Do Vale, A., Silva, M.T., dos Santos, N.M., Nascimento, D.S., Reis Rodrigues, P., Costa Ramos, C., Ellis, A.E., and Azevedo, J.E., 2005. AIP56, a novel plasmid-encoded virulence factor of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida with apoptogenic activity against sea bass macrophages and neutrophils. Molecular Microbiology, 58: 1025-1038. Handfield, M., Brady, L.J., Progulske-Fox, A., and Hillman, J.D., 2000. IVIAT: a novel method to identify microbial genes expressed specifically during human infections. Trends in Microbiology, 8: 336-339. O’Riordan A.A., Morales V.A., Mulligan L., Faheem N., Windle H.J., and Kelleher D.P., 2012. Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase: a candidate Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Vaccine, 30:3876-3884. Shu, Q., and Nair, V., 2008. Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a target in drug discovery. Medicinal Research Reviews, 28:219-232.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

EL ENFOQUE DE BUCKLEY DEL MODELO DE INSUMO-PRODUCTO EN CONDICIONES DE INCERTIDUMBRE

En este trabajo se presenta el enfoque de Buckley [1] del modelo abierto de insumoproducto en el cual los coeficientes técnicos están expresados mediante números borrosos. El modelo propuesto permite un mejor aprovechamiento de la información disponible. Palabras clave: insumo-producto, números borrosos Abstract In this paper we make an input-output analysis when the technological coefficients are not precisely known and may be modeled by appropriate fuzzy numbers. The proposed model let us make a better use of the available information. Key-words: Input-output analysis; Fuzzy numbers

Vadose zone air as a biogenic source of methane in Nerja Cave system (South of Spain)

Subterranean air in karst cavities has often low methane contents in comparison to atmosphere and so karst systems have been considered a sink of atmospheric methane. Methane-oxidizing bacteria have been hypothesized as responsible for CH4 depletion in many caves around the world, although ionization radiation was also proposed as possible mechanism for this process. We measured CO2 and CH4 concentration and their C isotopic composition (d13C-CO2 and d13C-CH4) over 2 years within the Nerja cave system (South Spain) and in 9 boreholes drilled into the vadose zone (Triassic carbonate aquifer) surrounding the cave. According to d13C-CO2 and d13C-CH4 vadose zone of this karst system is a source of biogenic methane, produced both by acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction. Biogenic and atmospheric methane flows (along fractures from the vadose zone, and through ventilation, respectively) into the cave, where it is oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria that we detected on soil samples into the cave.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Detection of transposons modifying genome background in probiotics

The study of probiotic microorganisms is very interesting in the aquaculture field. Administration of live microorganisms in adequate amounts confers some benefits to the host (Kechagia et al. 2013). Even if Shewanella putrafaciens include pathogens and saprophytic strains related to fish spoilage and fish infection (Esteve, Merchán, and Alcaide 2016). The Pdp11 strain of Shewanella putrefaciens has been proved to provide beneficial effects in Sparus aurata (Chabrillón et al. 2005) and Solea senegalensis (Rodrigáñez et al. 2008). Studies focused on Pdp11 could hed light on the origin of this probiotic character. We have designed a bioinformatic workflow to detect transposons in the newly sequenced Pdp11 genome (Tapia-Paniagua et al, in press). Their presence interrupting genes account for a contribution to its probiotic character due to the lost of virulence or the gain of probiotic effect. The workflow was developed in Ruby programming language and provides: the genomic localisation of known transposons, host coding regions disrupted by complete transposons or their repeated insertion sequences, and transposons and coding regions disrupted identifiers, to stablish the putative functions of Pdp11 that could be affect by the transposons disruption. These results would support new possible hypothesis about the Pdp11 probiotic character since 14 coding regions related to S. putrefaciens were disrupted by transposons, 4 of which are directly involved in pathogenic mechanisms. This work was supported by co-funding by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 2014-2020 "Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" together with Spanish AEI "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" to grants RTA2013-00068-C03, AGL2017-83370-C3-3-R and RTA2017-00054-C03-03.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Utilización de técnicas ópticas no invasivas para la medida de Lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax) en jaulas marinas

[ES] El modelo usado por el VICASS para estimar el peso en lubina es desentranado y comparado con otros modelos realizados a través de mediciones directas. Los resultados muestran que la posible inclusión de una tercera medida para afinar la predicción, el ancho, aumenta el error en vez de disminuirlo[EN] The model used to estimate the weight by VICASS on sea bass is unraveled and compared with other models made through direct measurements. The results show that inclusion of a third measure to refine the prediction, the width, increases the error rather than decrease it.Jesús Moriñigo, JVD. (2013). Utilización de técnicas ópticas no invasivas para la medida de Lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax) en jaulas marinas. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/36450Archivo delegad

RESOLUCIÓN DE EQUIVALENCIAS FINANCIERAS MEDIANTE ECUACIONES CON COEFICIENTES BORROSOS

A menudo sólo se conocen estimaciones de las variables financieras. Es usual que con objeto de utilizar modelos clásicos, apreciaciones como “una tasa de entre el 5% y el 7%”, se conviertan en cantidades exactas, como puede ser el promedio entre los valores extremos. En este trabajo se propone un enfoque más flexible que permite captar la incertidumbre mediante la utilización de algunos elementos de la teoría de los conjuntos borrosos. La imprecisión presente en el capital, interés y/o cantidad de períodos se modela mediante números borrosos triangulares. Al apelar a los enfoques clásicos para evaluar expresiones algebraicas con coeficientes borrosos que hacen uso del principio de extensión y aritmética de -cortes, se definen las extensiones fuzzy de las relaciones financieras elementales. Se obtienen las versiones fuzzy del valor actual y del valor final de un capital borroso y el VAN mediante la resolución de ecuaciones con coeficientes borrosos por el método de α - cortes. Estos desarrollos se aplican a distintos casos de estudio. Por último, se muestra que no siempre es posible hallar un análogo borroso de la TIR utilizando los métodos clásicos de resolución de ecuaciones con coeficientes borrosos. Se calcula valiéndose de un nuevo concepto de solución. Palabras clave: variables financieras, incertidumbre, ecuaciones con coeficientes borrosos. Abstract Quite often only estimations of financial variables are known. Usually expressions like “a rate between 5% and 7%” are translated into exact amounts, such as the average between the extreme values, in order to use classical techniques. In this paper we propose a more flexible approach which uses some elements of the theory of fuzzy sets to capture vagueness in the environment. The uncertainty in cash flows, interest or number of periods is modeled by triangular fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy extensions of elementary financial relations are developed by using the classical procedures to evaluate fuzzy algebraic expressions based on the extension principle and arithmetic of – cuts. The fuzzy extensions of present and futures value of a fuzzy amount are obtained by solving fuzzy equations using - cuts. These developments are applied to cases of study. Finally, it is shown that it is not always possible to find a fuzzy analogous to the internal rate of return using classical methods to solve fuzzy equations. It is calculated using a new solution concept. The results of this paper suggest that the application of fuzzy methodology to finance is a good alternative when dealing with uncertainty. Keywords: Financial variables, Uncertainty, Fuzzy equation

Insights into the fecal microbiota of captive Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is an endangered species restricted to several areas of Spain and Portugal. Its low genetic diversity likely provokes immune depression and high susceptibility to infectious diseases. The intestinal microbiota is closely related to host health and nutrition. In order to contribute to the knowledge of the Iberian lynx intestinal microbiota, fecal microbiota of captive specimens from two breeding centers (“La Olivilla” and “El Acebuche”), located in Southern Spain, were studied by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Results grouped microbiota in two main clusters (I and III) which included DGGE patterns of 19 out of 36 specimens, cluster I being the most frequent in “La Olivilla” (50%) and cluster III in “El Acebuche” (55.55 %) specimens. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla were identified. Segregation of clusters I and III was attributed to different microorganism presence (Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas migulae, Carnobacterium sp., Arthrobacter, Robinsoniella peorensis and Ornithinibacillus sp.) and ability to use different carbon sources. Biolog EcoPlates® results indicate high functional diversity of fecal microbiota, it being higher in cluster III. The great impact of intestinal microbiota on host health supports the importance of its microbial composition understanding. This study is the first report of captive Iberian lynx fecal microbiota composition. [Int Microbiol 20(1): 31-41 (2017)]Keywords: Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) · fecal microbiota · biodiversit