El deber de colaboración en el delito de denegación de auxilio de los arts. 412.1 y 412.2 del código penal

One of the modalities of "denial of assistance" contemplated in the Criminal Code is found in the first two sections of its article 412. The first of them punishes the public official who refrains from providing collaborative behavior "for the Administration of Justice or another public service", to which he is obliged following the request of the competent authority. It is a denial of collaboration between the different sectors of the Public Administration that poses serious problems of delimitation regarding the crime of disobedience of art. 410. The second section, incorporated ex novo by the 1995 legislature, contains an aggravated type based on the quality of the active subject. This crime of refusal of aid by a public official raises, in short, its own peculiarities that justify its study.Una de las modalidades de “denegación de auxilio” que contempla el Código Penal se encuentra en los dos primeros apartados de su artículo 412. Castiga el primero de ellos al funcionario público que se abstiene de prestar un comportamiento colaborador “para la Administración de Justicia u otro servicio público”, al que viene obligado tras requerimiento de autoridad competente. Es una denegación de colaboración entre los distintos sectores de la Administración Pública que plantea serios problemas de delimitación respecto del delito de desobediencia del art. 410. El segundo apartado, incorporado ex novo por el legislador de 1995, contiene un tipo agravado basado en la cualidad del sujeto activo. Este delito de denegación de auxilio por funcionario público plantea, en definitiva, peculiaridades propias que justifican su estudio

Toxic cyanobacteria strains isolated from blooms in the Guadiana River (southwestern Spain)

This paper describes the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria along the Guadiana River over its course between Mérida and Badajoz (Extremadura, Spain). Water sampling for phytoplankton quantification and toxin analysis was carried out regularly between 1999 and 2001 in six different locations, including two shallow, slow-flowing river sites, two streamed river sites and two drinking water reservoirs. The cyanobacterial community differed significantly between these locations, especially during the summer. The predominant genera were Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Using an ELISA assay the total microcystin contents of natural water samples from the most eutrophic locations ranged from 0.10 – 21.86 µg mcyst-LR equivalent·L-1 in Valdelacalzada and 0.10-11.3 µg mcyst-LR equivalent·L-1 in Vitonogales, and a seasonal variation of toxin content was observed. The amount of microcystins produced by each strain was determined by ELISA assay and the detection and identification of microcystin variants of three toxic strains of Microcystis aeruginosa was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis of microcystins of the cultured strains revealed that toxin production was variable among different strains of M. aeruginosa isolated either from different blooms or from the same bloom.Junta de Andalucía (CTS358

Identifying Spanish researchers’ needs for training in English for Research Publication Purposes: Methodological aspects of a large-scale online survey

This paper mainly aims to report on the survey method employed in Phase 1 of the ENEIDA project to fulfil the following aims: a) locating those researchers at the five institutions participating in the project who might be interested in receiving ERPP training and in collaborating in subsequent phases of the project; b) identifying their specific needs vis-à-vis ERPP; and c) providing a context for future studies of Spanish-English intercultural rhetoric for research publication purposes. The paper also offers an overall characterisation of the informants to our survey, discusses some of the results to assess the relevance and viability of further phases of the project, and evaluates the database thus created. 24 researchers were first interviewed in-depth from one research-only institution and two universities. Interview responses were then used to design a structured questionnaire comprising thirty-seven questions related to both English and Spanish for research publication purposes. The questionnaire was piloted with 200 researchers selected from the total population of staff with doctorates (8,794) at the three institutions mentioned above, plus another two universities. The questionnaire was then sent out to the total population, yielding responses from 1717 researchers, which are kept in the ENEIDA Database. The findings suggest high levels of interest in ERPP amongst participants in that not only were 64% of respondents interested in future ERPP training, but also in that 96% of them were willing to receive information about how to participate in subsequent phases of the project. It is hoped that the information contained in the ENEIDA Database will allow us to: a) carry out precise needs analyses of specific groups of informants (e.g. according to specific disciplines); b) carry out in-depth studies of how relevant factors affect writing for research publication purposes of Spanish researchers, and c) design multiple case studies of their difficulties writing for research publication purposes grounded in sound researc

Muslim and Christian Women’s Perceptions of the Influence of Spirituality and Religious Beliefs on Motherhood and Child-Rearing: A Phenomenological Study

(1) Background: Spirituality is a factor that plays a role in decisions related to health and illness. When a woman becomes a mother, she undergoes physical, psychological, and social changes for which healthcare professionals must provide the necessary care. However, women may feel misunderstood and stigmatized when they carry out their religious practices and express their spirituality related to motherhood. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of women with Muslim and Christian religious ideologies on the influence of spirituality and religious beliefs in motherhood and child-rearing. (2) Methods: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study with two groups of women of Islamic and Christian ideology, respectively. Three focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with ATLAS.ti 7.0. An inductive analysis was carried out according to the Moustakas model. (3) Results: Three themes were identified: religious and cultural aspects that determine child-rearing, the influence of spirituality and family on the mother’s role, and the support received from healthcare personnel. (4) Conclusions: Spirituality and religious beliefs are manifested during motherhood and child-rearing in the form of infant feeding, the need for their protection, or the need for support from mothers. Healthcare personnel must be able to offer culturally competent and spiritually respectful care. Patients should not be judged based on their spirituality

Insecticide Reproductive Toxicity Profile: Organophosphate, Carbamate and Pyrethroids

Exposure to pesticides is very common world-wide, and is broadly known the acute toxic effects to humans of pesticides following a high dose exposure; however, knowledge about chronic low-dose adverse effects to specific pesticides is more limited. Reproductive functions can be affected, with birth defects, impaired fecund ability, infertility and altered growth. This paper will focus on the deleterious effects that may appear in the offspring, during early and later stages of life, after prenatal exposure to insecticides, not only on women with direct exposure but also on subjects with indirect exposure such as consumers or residents of rural communities. Prenatal exposure to pesticides could alter normal fetal development and could threaten future welfare. The main changes observed in prenatal exposure to organophosphates are alterations in the central nervous system, in the metabolic and hormonal system as endocrine disruptor and over the birth outcomes. Carbamates may cause developmental delay when the applications of carbamates during pregnancy were nearby the home. Pyrethroids are among the most frequently used pesticides and account for more than one-third of the insecticides currently marketed in the world. For this reason the prenatal exposition used to be for long periods causing clinical, biochemical and neurological changes

Exosomal microRNAs isolated from plasma of mesenteric veins linked to liver metastases in resected patients with colon cancer

Before reaching a peripheral vein (PV), miRNAs released by the tumor are diluted and dispersed throughout the body or even retained in a specific organ. We hypothesized that blood drawn from the tumor-draining vein could provide more homogeneous information than blood drawn from the PV as that blood would contain all the biomarkers released by the tumor before they reach a potential metastatic site. We have profiled 754 miRNAs in 15 colon cancer plasma samples from the tumor-draining vein, the mesenteric vein (MV), identifying 13 microRNAs associated with relapse. The prognostic impact of these miRNAs were validated in 50 MV and 50 paired PV plasma samples of stage I-III colon cancer patients. Four miRNAs, let-7g, miR-15b, miR-155 and miR-328, were found overexpressed in MV compared to PV, and patients with high levels of those miRNAs in MV plasma had shorter time to relapse. Interestingly, in patients developing liver metastases, the exosomal cargo of miR-328 was much greater in MV than in PV plasma indicating a possible role of miR-328 in the development of liver metastases. Our results indicate that in colon cancer, the primary tumor releases high concentrations of miRNAs through the MV, and some of them are contained in tumor derived exosomes

Interés de la elaboración de vídeos didácticos como material de prácticas en la asignatura de "Seguridad Química"

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto presentar el proceso seguido en la elaboración de una serie videográfica constituida por tres videos didácticos, que abordan los aspectos fundamentales de los riesgos derivados de la exposición a sustancias químicas y agentes biológicos en un labo - ratorio universitario. dicho material didáctico innovador, se utilizará en los seminarios teóricos de la asignatura seguridad Química, impartida por los profesores del área de toxicología de la universidad de sevilla. los objetivos fundamentales de dichos videos han sido despertar el mayor interés posible y favorecer la asimilación de conceptos básicos en el alumnado de dicha asignatura, haciendo especial hincapié en la correcta y segura manipulación, el adecuado almacenamiento y la correcta eliminación de las sustancias, contribuyendo en definitiva a la prevención de los riesgos derivados de su exposición.The present work aims to illustrate the process followed to elaborate a set of three didactic illustrate the process followed to elaborate a set of three didactic videos, which shows the main aspects of derived risks from the exposure to the chemical substances and biological agents present in a university laboratory. this innovator didactic material will be used in the subject “chemical security” seminaries lectured by the professors from toxicology area in the university of seville. the most important aims of these videos have been to implicate the students in their learning, making easier for them to assimilate the basic concepts of the subject, such as the correct and secure way of manipulate the chemical substances, its appropriate storage and its suitable elimination, contributing to the prevention of the risks derived from their exposure

Comparison of Microcystis aeruginosa (PCC7820 and PCC7806) growth and intracellular microcystins content determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay anti-Adda and phosphatase bioassay

Cyanobacteria are able to produce several metabolites that have toxic effects on humans and animals. Among these cyanotoxins, the hepatotoxic microcystins (MC) occur frequently. The intracellular MC content produced by two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, PCC7806 and PCC7820, and its production kinetics during the culture time were studied in order to elucidate the conditions that favour the growth and proliferation of these toxic strains. Intracellular MC concentrations measured by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (MS) were compared with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-Adda and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assays. It has been demonstrated there are discrepancies in the quantification of MC content when comparing ELISA and LC-MS results. However, a good correlation has been obtained between PP2A inhibition assay and LC-MS. Three MC were identified using LC-MS in the PCC7806 strain: MC-LR, demethylated MC-LR and a new variant detected for the first time in this strain, [MeSer7] MC-LR. In PCC7820, MC-LR, D-Asp3-MCLR, Dglu(OCH3)-MCLR, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF were identificated. The major one was MC-LR in both strains, representing 81 and 79% of total MC, respectively. The total MC content in M. aeruginosa PCC7820 was almost three-fold higher than in PCC7806 extracts.Centro de Investigaciones Cietíficas y Técnicas AGL 2006–06523/ AL

Metalistería y numismática del Turro (Cacín) en los siglos VIII al XI

El trabajo está confeccionado con materiales arqueológicos de una colección particular. Son de la cortijada del Turro (Cacín, Granada) cerca de unas ruinas donde se localizó sigillata y otros materiales. Los materiales que estudiamos son del pasaje de las Higuerillas con un total de 7 piezas: dos anillos de cobre, un fragmento de despabiladera de candil y espátula, una punta de flecha, un broche, una tapadera y un resto amorfo. Además se aporta un lote de monedas andalusíes de los siglos VIII al XI. El trabajo es interesante por las noticias que aportan y por completar otros aspectos de la alta Edad Media en las tierras granadinas.The author examines archeological pieces which form part of a prívate collection, that of the "Turro" hacienda in Cacín, Granada, situated near sorne ruins wher sigilleta· and other materials have been found. The pieces studied (a total of 7) come from the Higuerillas path: two copper rings, a fragment of a lamp-snuff or spatula, an arrow-tip, a broach, a lid and a shapeless ítem. A collection of andalusi coin s from the 8th to the 1 1t h century is also described. The study is of interest, since it provides data which help to illuminate aspects of the Late Middle Ages in the Granada area