Factores Pedagógicos que Favorecen el Éxito Escolar en Estudiantes de Enseñanza Postobligatoria

El foco del presente estudio ha sido el éxito escolar: la continuidad, la permanencia en el sistema educativo, lo cual implica transitar de forma adecuada por sus diversas etapas y modalidades formativas. En particular, hemos buscado conocer qué factores pedagógicos -vinculados a los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y a la relación profesor/a-alumno/a- constituyen condiciones favorables para el éxito y la continuidad escolar de chicas y de chicos de enseñanza secundaria postobligatoria (Bachillerato y Ciclos Formativos). Hemos tratado de visibilizar el éxito escolar de chicos y de chicas en la educación secundaria, de analizar las experiencias y las trayectorias de estudiantes que, más allá del periodo obligatorio, dan continuidad a su vida escolar con éxito académico, de prestar atención a las diferencias entre estudiantes de Bachillerato y Ciclos Formativos y, por último, de analizar de forma diferenciada la experiencia de las chicas y de los chicos, indagando en los elementos de la construcción de la subjetividad en ambos sexos. Para ello, hemos trabajado con una muestra intencional de 26 estudiantes (12 chicas y 14 chicos), 16 de Bachillerato y 10 de Ciclos Formativos, seleccionados por sus docentes, en 12 centros urbanos y semiurbanos de Málaga, Sevilla, Granada, Cádiz y Almería. Los datos han sido recogidos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con el apoyo de la técnica de foto-lenguaje y un cuestionario de contexto.Fundación Centro de Estudios Andaluces - [PRY031/11

Mitochondrial Na+ controls oxidative phosphorylation and hypoxic redox signalling

All metazoans depend on O2 delivery and consumption by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system to produce energy. A decrease in O2 availability (hypoxia) leads to profound metabolic rewiring. In addition, OXPHOS uses O2 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can drive cell adaptations through redox signalling, but also trigger cell damage1–4, and both phenomena occur in hypoxia4–8. However, the precise mechanism by which acute hypoxia triggers mitochondrial ROS production is still unknown. Ca2+ is one of the best known examples of an ion acting as a second messenger9, yet the role ascribed to Na+ is to serve as a mere mediator of membrane potential and collaborating in ion transport10. Here we show that Na+ acts as a second messenger regulating OXPHOS function and ROS production by modulating fluidity of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). We found that a conformational shift in mitochondrial complex I during acute hypoxia11 drives the acidification of the matrix and solubilization of calcium phosphate precipitates. The concomitant increase in matrix free-Ca2+ activates the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), which imports Na+ into the matrix. Na+ interacts with phospholipids reducing IMM fluidity and mobility of free ubiquinone between complex II and complex III, but not inside supercomplexes. As a consequence, superoxide is produced at complex III, generating a redox signal. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na+ import through NCLX is sufficient to block this pathway, preventing adaptation to hypoxia. These results reveal that Na+ import into the mitochondrial matrix controls OXPHOS function and redox signalling through an unexpected interaction with phospholipids, with profound consequences in cellular metabolism

Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015-2019

Altres ajuts: Spanish AIDS Research Network; European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015-2018. Methods: The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results: The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Cuadernos de pedagogía

El artículo forma parte de un dossier titulado: Vidas de maestras. La autora es partidaria de la llamada pedagogía de la diferencia sexualSe trata de un relato en primera persona de las vivencias de una profesora de Secundaria. Se justifica la elección de esta profesión por el convencimiento de que la escuela puede cambiar el mundo. Manifiesta que durante los años de ejercicio profesional ha aprendido que en la escuela se hace política, que ser mujer no es un dato indiferente y que la educación se debe basar en el intercambio comunicativo con los alumnos para cambiar la vida y aprender juntos.CataluñaCRIF Las Acacias. Dirección General de Mejora de la Calidad de la Enseñanza. Comunidad de Madrid; Calle General Ricardos, 179; 28025 Madrid; Tel. +34915250893; Fax +34915255888; [email protected]

Synthesis and characterization of tungsten nitride (W2N) from WO3 and H2WO4 to be used in the electrode of electrochemical devices

Tungsten nitride was synthesized from commercial WO3 and H2WO4, two precursors with different specific surface areas: 1.0 m2/g and 14.7 m2/g. The material was prepared by nitridation method by a thermal treatment at 873 K under NH3 flow. The W2N single phase was obtained with a crystal size of 15 nm and 11 nm, respectively, and with specific surface areas of 7.3 m2/g (from WO3) and 27.8 m2/g (from H2WO4). Both W2N exhibited high stability after a phosphoric acid attack. The W2N (WO3) powders show a high conductivity with a low activation energy (0.02 eV) measured by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Those properties, that is, stability, high electronic conductivity and low activation energy make W2N a promising candidate to be used in the electrode of electrochemical devices in high corrosive environments.The authors are grateful for the financial support provided for Spanish projects ENE2009-14750-C05-03 and ENE2008-06888-C02-01, and European Community project NMP3-CT-033228.Peer Reviewe

Reactive oxygen species production in acute hypoxia: oxygen sensing by mitochondrial complex I and the role of the sodium/calcium exchanger NCLX

Resumen del póster presentado al 3rd Symposium on Biomedical Research: "Advances and Perspectives in Neuroscience", celebrado en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid el 22 de abril de 2016.-- et al.Oxygen is a key molecule of aerobic life, but can give rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as metabolic byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. Acute hypoxia produces a superoxide burst, which can signal downstream cell adaptations. Here we show that hypoxia triggers acute deactivation of mitochondrial complex I, changing its catalytic activity from an oxidoreductase to a Na+/H+ antiporter. The subsequent stimulation of mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) activity promotes mitochondrial depolarization and superoxide production and underlies the participation of both complex I and NCLX in acute oxygen sensing. NCLX inhibition is associated with the suppression of downstream ROS-driven responses to hypoxia such as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, HIF-1α stabilization and ischemic brain damage in vivo. These results provide biological explanations for superoxide production in acute hypoxia and highlight complex I and NCLX as potential therapeutic targets in diseases involving mitochondrial ROS signalling, hypoxia and oxidative stress.Peer reviewe