Apuntes para un inventario del megalitismo en el norte de la provincia de Palencia

Nuevas aportaciones al catálogo del Megalitismo en el norte de la provincia de Palencia, obtenidas principalmente en el desarrollo de un proyecto de investigación financiado por la Junta de Castilla y León. El objetivo es la localización de menhires de una posible alineación entre la Meseta y la cordillera Cantábrica, para lo que se ha hecho una prospección extensiva de amplias comarcas. La conclusión es la existencia de numerosos yacimientos que permiten suponer la existencia de otros focos megalíticos.New contributions to the catalog of megalithic sites in the north of the province of Palencia (Spain), obtained in the development of a research project financed by the Junta de Castilla y León. The aim is to find the menhirs of a possible alignment between the plateau and the Cantabrian mountain range, with an extensive exploration of large regions. The conclusion is the existence of numerous megalithic sites and assumption of the existence of other

Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption per production stage in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain

Objectives: To characterise antimicrobial use (AMU) per production stage in terms of drugs, routes of application, indications, duration and exposed animals in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain. Design: Survey using a questionnaire on AMU during the six months prior to the interview, administered in face-to-face interviews completed from April to October 2010. Participants: 108 potentially eligible farms covering all the country were selected using a multistage sampling methodology; of these, 33 were excluded because they did not fulfil the participation criteria and 49 were surveyed. Results: The rank of the most used antimicrobials per farm and production stage and administration route started with polymyxins (colistin) by feed during the growing and the preweaning phases, followed by β-lactams by feed during the growing and the preweaning phases and by injection during the preweaning phase. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the growing stage (from weaning to the start of finishing) has the highest AMU according to different quantitative indicators (number of records, number of antimicrobials used, percentage of farms reporting use, relative number of exposed animals per farm and duration of exposure); feed is the administration route that produces the highest antimicrobial exposure based on the higher number of exposed animals and the longer duration of treatment; and there are large differences in AMU among individual pig farms

Los enterramientos tumulares del Valle del Valdelucio (Burgos), un ejemplo de distribución espacial diferenciada

En los páramos de la Lora de Valdelucio -existe una gran necrópolis prehistórica, con abundancia de dólmenes, túmulos y menhires. Al sur, ya en el valle, desaparecen los enterramientos megalíticos, que no se volverán a encontrar, salvo casos aislados, hasta el límite occidental de la cuenca del río Duero. La acumulación y los vacíos parecen deberse a las características geográficas diferenciales del páramo frente a la campiña.In the bleak plateau of Valdelucio exists a great prehistoric zone, with abundance of meghalits. To the south, already in the valley, the tombs disappear, that will not become to find, except for isolated cases, until the western limit of the Duero river basin. The accumulation and the emptiness seem to be due to the geographic characteristics differentials of the bleak plateau and valley

CRISPRing zebrafish to understand early vertebrate development and human diseases

CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genome engineering approach that is now widely used. This targeting system is based on two components: a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that directs the Cas9 endonuclease to the target site to be mutated However, variable activity across different sgRNAs can limit the mutagenic efficiency. We have optimized the CRISPR-Cas9 system in zebrafish by developing an algorithm, CRISPRscan (www.crisprscan.org) that efficiently predicts sgRNA activity in vivo. Using these optimizations we have uncover a novel protein complex involved in splicing and vertebrate brain development that is found mutated in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, these results provide novel insights into the determinants that mediate CRISPR-Cas9 efficiency and its application to uncover genes involved in human diseases and developmental disorders.However, the number of genomic targets of the CRISPR-Cas9 system is limited due to the PAM sequence restriction. To extend the in vivo repertoire of potential targeting sites in the genome, we have characterized and optimized different CRISPR associated endonucleases such as AsCpf1 and LbCpf1. We have demonstrated that temperature modulates Cpf1 activity being this effect stronger on AsCpf1 explaining its lower activity in ectothermic organisms such as Drosophila, Xenopus and zebrafish. These results contribute to the molecular understanding of Cpf1 activity in vivo and establish this tool as an efficient genome engineering system across ectothermic species.Finally, one of the main interests in the early development field is to study the maternal-to-zygotic transition, a universal process that occurs in all animals. One of the critical stages during this transition is the activation of the silent zygotic genome after fertilization but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. To address this, we have optimized a CRISPR-Cas9-based live imaging approach of transcription in zebrafish. We show that genome activation does not require the titration of maternal repressors, occurs independent of cell division and is regulated through the effects of maternally-provided factors on the chromatin acetylation. In summary, these results open a new dimension into understanding the maternal factors and mechanisms that enable activation of the genome

A Hemispherical Contact Model for Simplifying 3D Occlusal Surfaces

Statement of problem Currently, dental articulators can recreate mandibular movements and occlusal contacts. However, whether virtual articulators can also provide information about occluding dental surfaces, functional movements, and the mandibular condyles is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the occluding surfaces on dental casts obtained from a patient and approximate them to a hemispherical contact model. Both models were tested by digitizing the Dentatus ARL dental articulator. Material and methods A combination of photogrammetry and structure from motion methods were used to scan a Dentatus ARL articulator and representative dental casts. Using computer-aided engineering and finite element analysis, contact points and action vectors to the forces on occluding surfaces and condyles were obtained for cast and hemispherical models. This experiment was performed using centric occlusion and 3 different condylar inclinations. The Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance on ranks test was used to allow all pairwise comparisons between condylar inclination and mechanical action vector values in each location (α=.05). Results Action vectors from the cast model and each location of the hemispherical model were calculated to show the mechanical consequences and the similarity among models. Overall, no significant differences were observed for action vectors (A20 versus A40 versus A60) at each location (dental cast/hemisphere, right condylar, and left condylar) in the analysis of dental casts and the hemisphere model (.382≤P≤.999). Conclusions This study provided graphical information that may assist the dental professional in determining which occlusal contacts should be modified to attain condylar and balanced centric occlusion

Antimicrobial Prescriptions for Dogs in the Capital of Spain

Objective: To characterize antimicrobial prescription patterns for dogs in veterinary practices in Spain using the city of Madrid as a model.Design: Retrospective survey.Settings: Dogs attending veterinary practices in the city of Madrid in 2017 were enrolled.Subjects: Three hundred dogs from 30 veterinary practices randomly selected from a set of 388 practices grouped by zip code. The inclusion criterion for dogs was treatment with antibiotics within a few days of the data collection day.Results: For the 300 dogs enrolled, 374 treatments with antimicrobials were recorded, 62.8% (235/374) were veterinary medicinal products and 37.2% (139/374) human medicinal products. The main route of administration was oral (209/374; 55.9%) followed by parenteral (100/374; 26.7%) and topical (65/374; 17.4%). Sixty-five dogs (21.7%) received a perioperative antimicrobial treatment, mainly associated with female obstetrical surgery (19/65; 29%), while 78.3% (235/300) received a pharmaceutical treatment mainly for skin (72/235; 30.6%), respiratory (47/235; 20%), or digestive (41/235; 17.4%) diseases. The most frequently used antimicrobials were beta-lactams for oral (119/209) and parenteral (79/100) administration, especially the combination amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (83/209; oral), amoxicillin alone (42/100; parenteral), and aminoglycosides (32/65) for topical use. Diagnostic confirmation with culture was carried out on only 13 out of 235 dogs receiving therapeutic treatment and nine underwent an antimicrobial susceptibility test. In addition, cytology was performed in 15 dogs.Conclusions: The pattern of antimicrobial prescriptions for dogs in our study was quite similar to that previously described in several European countries, and encompassed the same two highly interconnected key features: major use of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and a very low level of antimicrobial susceptibility testing before prescription. Consequently, we recommend that the measures for rationalizing antimicrobial prescription for dogs in Spain should follow those implemented in other countries, especially confirming the diagnosis and promoting the use of hygiene measures by owners

An Estimated New-Keynesian Model with Unemployment as Excess Supply of Labor

Wage stickiness is incorporated to a New-Keynesian model with variable capital in a way that generates endogenous unemployment fluctuations as the log difference between aggregate labor supply and aggregate labor demand. After estimation with U.S. data, the implied second-moment statistics of the unemployment rate provide a reasonable match with those observed in the data. Our results also show that wagepush shocks, demand shifts and monetary policy shocks are the three major determinants of unemployment fluctuations. Compared to an estimated canonical DSGE model without unemployment: wage stickiness is higher, labor supply elasticity is lower, the slope of the New-Keynesian Phillips curve is flatter, and the importance of technology innovations on output growth variability increases