585 research outputs found
Constraining the mass density of free-floating black holes using razor-thin lensing arcs
Strong lensing of active galactic nuclei in the radio can result in
razor-thin arcs, with a thickness of less than a milli-arcsecond, if observed
at the resolution achievable with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Such razor-thin arcs provide a unique window on the coarseness of the matter
distribution between source and observer. In this paper, we investigate to what
extent such razor-thin arcs can constrain the number density and mass function
of `free-floating' black holes, defined as black holes that do not, or no
longer, reside at the centre of a galaxy. These can be either primordial in
origin or arise as by-products of the evolution of super-massive black holes in
galactic nuclei. When sufficiently close to the line of sight, free-floating
black holes cause kink-like distortions in the arcs, which are detectable by
eye in the VLBI images as long as the black hole mass exceeds Solar
masses. Using a crude estimate for the detectability of such distortions, we
analytically compute constraints on the matter density of free-floating black
holes resulting from null-detections of distortions along a realistic, fiducial
arc, and find them to be comparable to those from quasar milli-lensing. We also
use predictions from a large hydrodynamical simulation for the demographics of
free-floating black holes that are not primordial in origin, and show that
their predicted mass density is roughly four orders of magnitude below the
constraints achievable with a single razor-thin arc.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, comments welcom
Understanding Information Systems Outsourcing: why multiple perspectives are essential
Over recent years, many forms of inter-organisational collaboration have gained in popularity. IT outsourcing is a particular form of collaboration and, while cost savings and other benefits forecast in the early days of the outsourcing boom have not always eventuated, the approach has retained much of its popularity. It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that we still have some way to go in understanding how outsourcing arrangements actually work in practice. In particular the many failed ventures indicate that managing these partnerships is no trivial matter. Here, we report on an IT outsourcing venture, where interface management’s failure to take into account the needs of one of its most successful Divisions destroyed a major source of that Division’s competitive advantage – its information systems support function. We describe how that Division developed and attempted to employ a system dynamics model to protect its operations and functions. We then use a further model based on the same paradigm to illustrate how power/ political considerations meant that its efforts were always likely to fail
On the Assembly Bias of Cool Core Clusters Traced by H Nebulae
Do cool-core (CC) and noncool-core (NCC) clusters live in different
environments? We make novel use of H emission lines in the central
galaxies of redMaPPer clusters as proxies to construct large (1,000's) samples
of CC and NCC clusters, and measure their relative assembly bias using both
clustering and weak lensing. We increase the statistical significance of the
bias measurements from clustering by cross-correlating the clusters with an
external galaxy redshift catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III, the
LOWZ sample. Our cross-correlations can constrain assembly bias up to a
statistical uncertainty of 6%. Given our H criteria for CC and NCC, we
find no significant differences in their clustering amplitude. Interpreting
this difference as the absence of halo assembly bias, our results rule out the
possibility of having different large-scale (tens of Mpc) environments as the
source of diversity observed in cluster cores. Combined with recent
observations of the overall mild evolution of CC and NCC properties, such as
central density and CC fraction, this would suggest that either the cooling
properties of the cluster core are determined early on solely by the local
(<200 kpc) gas properties at formation or that local merging leads to
stochastic CC relaxation and disruption in a periodic way, preserving the
average population properties over time. Studying the small-scale clustering in
clusters at high redshift would help shed light on the exact scenario.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, to be submitted to ApJ; comments
welcom
Space Warps: I. Crowd-sourcing the Discovery of Gravitational Lenses
We describe Space Warps, a novel gravitational lens discovery service that
yields samples of high purity and completeness through crowd-sourced visual
inspection. Carefully produced colour composite images are displayed to
volunteers via a web- based classification interface, which records their
estimates of the positions of candidate lensed features. Images of simulated
lenses, as well as real images which lack lenses, are inserted into the image
stream at random intervals; this training set is used to give the volunteers
instantaneous feedback on their performance, as well as to calibrate a model of
the system that provides dynamical updates to the probability that a classified
image contains a lens. Low probability systems are retired from the site
periodically, concentrating the sample towards a set of lens candidates. Having
divided 160 square degrees of Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey
(CFHTLS) imaging into some 430,000 overlapping 82 by 82 arcsecond tiles and
displaying them on the site, we were joined by around 37,000 volunteers who
contributed 11 million image classifications over the course of 8 months. This
Stage 1 search reduced the sample to 3381 images containing candidates; these
were then refined in Stage 2 to yield a sample that we expect to be over 90%
complete and 30% pure, based on our analysis of the volunteers performance on
training images. We comment on the scalability of the SpaceWarps system to the
wide field survey era, based on our projection that searches of 10 images
could be performed by a crowd of 10 volunteers in 6 days.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures, MNRAS accepted, minor to moderate changes in
this versio
Space Warps II. New Gravitational Lens Candidates from the CFHTLS Discovered through Citizen Science
We report the discovery of 29 promising (and 59 total) new lens candidates
from the CFHT Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) based on about 11 million classifications
performed by citizen scientists as part of the first Space Warps lens search.
The goal of the blind lens search was to identify lens candidates missed by
robots (the RingFinder on galaxy scales and ArcFinder on group/cluster scales)
which had been previously used to mine the CFHTLS for lenses. We compare some
properties of the samples detected by these algorithms to the Space Warps
sample and find them to be broadly similar. The image separation distribution
calculated from the Space Warps sample shows that previous constraints on the
average density profile of lens galaxies are robust. SpaceWarps recovers about
65% of known lenses, while the new candidates show a richer variety compared to
those found by the two robots. This detection rate could be increased to 80% by
only using classifications performed by expert volunteers (albeit at the cost
of a lower purity), indicating that the training and performance calibration of
the citizen scientists is very important for the success of Space Warps. In
this work we present the SIMCT pipeline, used for generating in situ a sample
of realistic simulated lensed images. This training sample, along with the
false positives identified during the search, has a legacy value for testing
future lens finding algorithms. We make the pipeline and the training set
publicly available.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, MNRAS accepted, minor to moderate changes in
this versio
A HACCP-based approach to mastitis control in dairy herds. Part 1: Development
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems are a risk based preventive approach developed to increase levels of food safety assurance. This is part 1 of a pilot study on the development, implementation and evaluation of a HACCP-based approach for the control of good udder health in dairy cows. The paper describes the use of a novel approach based on a deconstruction of the infectious process in mastitis to identify Critical Control Points (CCPs) and develop a HACCP-based system to prevent and control mastitis in dairy herds. The approach involved the creation of an Infectious Process Flow Diagram, which was then cross-referenced to two production process flow diagrams of the milking process and cow management cycle. The HACCP plan developed, may be suitable for customisation and implementation on dairy farms. This is a logical, systematic approach to the development of a mastitis control programme that could be used as a template for the development of control programmes for other infectious diseases in the dairy herd
Influence of Inner Shell Structure on the Encapsulation Behavior of Dexamethasone and Tacrolimus
We here present the synthesis and characterization of a set of biodegradable
core–multishell (CMS) nanocarriers. The CMS nanocarrier structure consists of
hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG) as core material, a hydrophobic (12, 15, 18,
19, and 36 C-atoms) inner and a polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (mPEG)
outer shell that were conjugated by ester bonds only to reduce the toxicity of
metabolites. The loading capacities (LC) of the drugs, dexamethasone and
tacrolimus, and the aggregate formation, phase transitions, and degradation
kinetics were determined. The intermediate inner shell length (C15) system had
the best overall performance with good LCs for both drugs as well as a
promising degradation and release kinetics, which are of interest for dermal
deliver
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