Early elimination of cyclosporine in kidney transplant recipients receiving sirolimus prevents progression of chronic pathologic allograft lesions

Cyclosporine elimination in a regimen including sirolimus has been shown to be a safe and effective approach to improve graft function. Nevertheless, it is still unknown whether the functional benefit of CyA withdrawal coincides with a subsequent reduction in histologic lesions of chronic damage or development of chronic allograft nephropathy. This consideration would forecast a reduction in the rate of long-term graft loss. We analyzed 114 graft biopsies from a subgroup of 57 patients that had been included in a randomized study to eliminate CyA at 3 months posttransplant from a regimen including sirolimus either in group A CyA + SRL vs group B of SRL with CyA elimination at 3 months. Every patient had two biopsies, one at transplantation and another at 1 year. The biopsy reading was performed in a blinded manner by a central pathologist using the Banff 1997 and the CADI classifications. A significantly lower rate of progression of tubular and interstitial chronic lesions between basal and 1-year biopsies was observed for group B patients. In addition, the incidence of new cases of chronic allograft nephropathy during the first year was significantly lower in the group in which CyA had been eliminated at 3 months posttransplant. We conclude that early elimination of CyA in the first months posttransplant, when SRL is used as the main immunosuppressant, reduces the appearance or worsening of chronic histologic lesions, probably as a consequence of long-term CyA toxicity prevention

IMPORTANCIA DEL ESTADO DE FLUJO DE EFECTIVO EN LAS PYMES

This article teaches us the importance of having a good cash flow in companies because it provides the necessary information to know the capacity you have on cash and gives us to know how the financial situation is to generate cash. Its objective is to present the importance of applying cash flow within small and medium-sized companies, knowing the results of having a good cash flow and knowing some of the regulations that govern it. To know why small and medium-sized companies should have a cash flow statement which helps them to know about the financial life of the company. using the qualitative methodology with special emphasis on the descriptive method which with the research conducted identifies that cash flow has an immense importance in PYMES because this financial statement makes known the fluidity that is had with cash, with this helps the company to be able to make the right decision.El presente articulo nos enseña la importancia de tener un buen flujo de efectivo en las empresas debido a que suministra la información necesaria para conocer la capacidad que se tiene sobre el efectivo y nos da a conocer cómo está la situación financiera para generar efectivo. Su objetivo es presentar la importancia de aplicar el flujo de efectivo dentro de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, conociendo los resultados que trae el tener un buen flujo de efectivo y también conocer algunas de las normatividades que la rigen. Para así conocer por qué las pequeñas y medianas empresas deben de tener un estado de flujo de efectivo el cual les ayuda a conocer sobre la vida financiera de la empresa. usando la metodología cualitativa haciendo especial énfasis en el método descriptivo el cual con la investigación realizada se identifica que el flujo de efectivo tiene una gran importancia en las PYMES debido a que este estado financiero da a conocer la fluidez que se tiene con el efectivo, con esto ayuda a la empresa a poder tomar la decisión correcta

Contributions from limnology to reservoir management

[ES] El presente trabajo describe algunas aportaciones de la limnología a la gestión de embalses a partir de la revisión de la bibliografía y de la experiencia de los autores. Después de explicar los principales retos a los que se enfrentan los gestores de embalses, se dan ejemplos de medidas a aplicar, destacando la importancia de tener en cuenta las diferentes escalas de gestión tanto temporales (escala plurianual, anual, diaria) como espaciales (cuenca, tramo fluvial, embalse o cadena de embalses). También se revisan los métodos disponibles para el estudio del estado ecológico de los embalses.[EN] This article describes some of the contributions of limnology to reservoir management according to a literature review and the authors’ experience. After explaining the main challenges that reservoir managers have to face, some examples of management measures are given and the need to take into account the different management scales are underlined, whether temporal (multiannual, annual, daily) or spatial (catchment, river reach, reservoir or reservoir chain). The available methods for the study of reservoir ecological status are also reviewed.Prats Rodríguez, J.; Morales Baquero, R.; Dolz Ripollés, J.; Armengol, J. (2014). Aportaciones de la limnología a la gestión de embalses. Ingeniería del agua. 18(1):83-97. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2014.3145OJS8397181ACA. 2003. Caracterització i propostes d'estudi dels embassaments catalans segons la Directiva 2000/60/CE del Parlament Europeu. Agència Catalana de l'Aigua, Barcelona, Spain.Arbat Bofill, M., Sánchez Juny, M., Blade i Castellet, E., Dolz Ripollés, J. 2011. Aplicabilidad de CE-QUAL-W2 para la simulación 2D (longitudinal y vertical) de la evolución de la temperatura en embalses. Casos de Sau (río Ter) y Ribarroja (río Ebro). JIA 2011: II Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua. Modelos numéricos en dinámica fluvial, October 5-6, Barcelona, Spain.Armengol, J. 1998. Efectos ecológicos del dragado y vaciado del embalse de Barasona. Limnetica 14, 17-33.Armengol, J. 2007. La gestión de los embalses en relación con la calidad del agua en condiciones de sequía extrema. VII Encuentro de Cáceres, October, Spain.Armengol, J., Dolz, J. 2004. La gestión a corto plazo del agua de los embalses. Ponencias del II Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Civil, Territorio y Medio Ambiente, September 20-24, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Armengol, J., Crespo, J. M., Morguí, J. A., Vidal, A. 1986. Phosphorus budgets and forms of phosphorus in the Sau reservoir sediment: An interpretation of the limnological record. Hydrobiologia 143, 331-336.Armengol, J., Riera, J.L., Morguí, J.A. 1991. Major ionic composition in the Spanish reservoirs. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 24, 1363-1366.Armengol, J., Navarro, E., Caputo, L., Dolz, J. 2004. Viento, estabilidad térmica y ondas internas: Bases para una gestión de los embalses a corto plazo. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural.Arnell, N. G. 1999. The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: a continental perspective. Global Environmental Change 9, 5-23.Batalla, R. J., Gómez, C. M., Kondolf, G. M. 2004. Reservoir-induced hydrological changes in the Ebro River basin (NE Spain). Journal of Hydrology 290, 117-136, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.002.Batalla, R. J., Vericat, D. 2009. Hydrological and sediment transport dynamics of flushing flows: implications for management in large Mediterranean rivers. River Research and Applications 25, 297-314, doi:10.1002/rra.1160.Bayley, P. B. 1995. Understanding Large River: Floodplain Ecosystems. Bioscience 45(3), 153-158.Belmar, Ó., Velasco, J., Martínez-Capel, F., Alberto Marín, A. 2010. Natural flow regime, degree of alteration and environmental flows in the Mula stream (Segura River basin, SE Spain). Limnetica 29(2), 353-368.Belmar, O., Bruno, D., Martínez-Capel, F., Barquín, J., Velasco, J. 2013. Effects of flow regime alteration on fluvial habitats and riparian quality in a semiarid Mediterranean basin. Ecological Indicators 30, 52-64, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.042.Carlisle, D. M., Nelson, S.M., Eng, K. 2012. Macroinvertebrate community condition associated with the severity of streamflow alteration. River Research and Applications, doi:10.1002/rra.2626.CEDEX. 2010. Evaluación del impacto del cambio climático en los recursos hídricos en régimen natural. Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas, Madrid, Spain.de Vicente, I., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Morales-Baquero, R., Reche, I. 2012. Contribution of dust inputs to disolved organic carbón and water transparency in Mediterranean reservoirs. Biogeosciences 9, 5049-5060, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5049-2012.Flumen. 2009. Estudio de la dinámica sedimentaria y batimetría de precisión del embalse de Ribarroja. Estudio realizado a petición de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain.Han, B.-P., Armengol, J., Garcia, J. C., Comerma, M., Roura, M., Dolz, J., Straskraba, M. 2000. The thermal structure of Sau Reservoir (NE: Spain): a simulation approach. Ecological Modelling 125, 109-122.Ibañez, C., Prat, N., Canicio, A. 1996. Changes in the hydrology and sediment transport produced by large dams on the Lower Ebro River and its estuary. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12, 51-62.IPCC. 2014. Climate change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Volume II: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland.Jeppesen, E., Kronvang, B., Meerhoff, M., Søndergaard, M., Hansen, K. M., Andersen, H. E., Lauridsen, T.L., Liboriussen, L., Beklioglu, M., Özen, A., Olesen, J. 2009. Climate Change Effects on Runoff, Catchment Phosphorus Loading and Lake Ecological State, and Potential Adaptations. Journal of Environmental Quality 38, 1930-1941, doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0113.Jeppesen, E., Kronvang, B., Olesen, J. E., Audet, J., Søndergaard, M., Hoffmann, C.C., Andersen, H.E., Lauridsen, T.L., Liboriussen, L., Larsen, S.E., Beklioglu, M., Meerhoff, M., Ôzen, A., Özkan, K. 2011. Climate change effects on nitrogen loading from cultivated catchments in Europe: implications for nitrogen retention, ecological state of lakes and adaption. Hydrobiologia 663, 1-21, doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0547-6.Jørgensen, S.E. 2006. Application of ecological engineering principles in lake management. Lake & Reservoirs: Research and Management 11, 103-109, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2006.00296.x.King, J., Cambray, J. A., Impson, N. D. 1998. Linked effects of dam-released floods and wáter temperatura on spawning of the Clanwilliam yellowfish Barbus capensis. Hydrobiologia 384, 245-265.Lehner, B., Döll, P., Alcamo, J., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F. 2006. Estimating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks in Europe: A continental, integrated analysis. Climatic Change 75, 273-299, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-6338-4.Lespinas, F., Ludwig, W., Heussner, S. 2014. Hydrological and climatic uncertainties associated with modeling the impact of climate change on water resources of small Mediterranean coastal rivers. Journal of Hydrology, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.033.Ma, H., Yang, D., Tan, S.K., Gao, B., Hu, Q. 2010. Impact of climate variabillity and human activity on streamflow decrease in the Miyun Reservoir catchment. Journal of Hydrology 389, 317-324, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.010.Marcé, R., Comerma, M., García, J.C., Gomà, J., Armengol, J. 2000. Limnology of Foix Reservoir (Barcelona, Spain). Limnetica 19, 175-191.Marcé, R., Comerma, M., García, J.C., Armengol, J. 2004. A neuro-fuzzy modeling tool to estimate fluvial nutrient loads in watersheds under time-varying human impact. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2, 342-355.Marcé, R., Ruiz, C.E., Armengol, J. 2008. Using spatially distributed parameters and multi-response objective functions to solve parameterization of complex applications of semi-distributes hydrological models. Water Resources Research 44, W02436, doi:10.1029/2006WR005785.Marcé, R., Moreno-Ostos, E., García-Barcina, J. M., Armengol, J. 2010. Tailoring dam structures to water quality predictions in new reservoir projects: Assisting decision-making using numerical modeling. Journal of Environmental Management 91, 1255-1267.Margalef, R. 1968. Perspectives in ecological theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Margalef, R. 1983. Limnología. Editorial Omega, Barcelona, Spain.Milano, M., Ruelland, D., Dezetter, A., Fabre, J., Ardoin-Bardin, S., Servat, E. 2013. Modeling the current and future capacity of water resources to meet water demands in the Ebro basin. Journal of Hydrology 500, 114-126, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.010.Morales-Baquero, R., Carrillo, P., Barea-Arco, J., Pérez-Martínez, C., y Villar-Argaiz, M. 2006a. Climate-driven changes on phytoplankton-zooplankton coupling and nutrient availability in high mountain lakes of Southern Europe. Freshwater Biology 51, 989-998, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01545.x.Morales-Baquero, R., Pulido-Villena, E., Romera, O., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Conde-Porcuna, J.M., Pérez-Martínez, C., Reche, I. 2006b. Significance of atmospheric deposition to freshwater ecosystems in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Limnetica, 25(1-2), 171-180.Moreno-Ostos, E., Marcé, R., Ordóñez, J., Dolz, J., Armengol, J. 2008. Hydraulic Management Drives Heat Budgets and Temperature Trends in a Mediterranean Reservoir. International Review of Hydrobiology 93(2), 131-147, doi:10.1002/iroh.200710965.Navarro, E., Caputo, L., Marcé, R., Carol, J., Benejam, L., García-Berthou, E, Armengol, J. 2009. Ecological classification of a set of Mediterranean reservoirs applying the EU Water Framework Directive: A reasonable compromise between science and management. Lake and Reservoir Management 25, 364-374, doi:10.1080/07438140903238567.Ordóñez, J., Armengol, J., Moreno-Ostos, E., Caputo, L., García, J. C., Marcé, R. 2010. On non-Eltonian methods of hunting Cladocera, or impacts of the introduction of planktivorous fish on zooplankton composition and clear-water phase occurrence in a Mediterranean reservoir. Hydrobiologia 653, 119-129, doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0348-y.Palau, A., Batalla, R. Rosico, E., Meseguer, A., Vericat, D. 2004. Management of water level and design of flushing floods for environmental river maintenance downstream of the Riba-roja reservoir (Lower Ebro River, NE Spain). HYDRO 2004- A new era for Hydropower, October 18-20, Porto, Portugal.Palau, A. 2006. Integrated environmental management of current reservoirs and regulated rivers. Limnetica 25(1-2), 287-302.Patterson, J.C., Hamblin, P.F., Imberger, J. 1984. Classification and dynamic simulation of the vertical density structure of lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 29(4), 845-861.Pérez Pérez, L., Chica Moreu, C. 2005. Valoración económica de la invasión del mejillón cebra en la cuenca del Ebro. Comisaría de Aguas, Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain.Poff, N. L., Allan, J. D., Bain, M. B., Karr, J. R., Prestergaard, K. L., Richter, B. D., Sparks, R. E., Stromberg, J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime: A paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47, 769-784.Prats, J., Val, R., Armengol, J., Dolz, J. 2007. A methodological approach to the reconstruction of the 1949-2000 water temperature series in the Ebro River at Escatrón. Limnetica 26(2), 293-306.Prats, J., Dolz, J., Armengol, J. 2009. Variabilidad temporal en el comportamiento hidráulico del curso inferior del río Ebro. Ingeniería del Agua 16(4), 259-272.Prats, J., Val, R., Armengol, J., Dolz, J. 2010. Temporal variability in the termal regime of the lower Ebro River (Spain) and alteration due to anthropogenic factors. Journal of Hydrology 387, 105-118, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.002.Prats, J., Salgado, A., Sánchez-Juny, M., Armengol, J., Dolz, J. 2011. Optimización de parámetros del modelo DYRESM mediante la metodología GLUE. Aplicación al embalse de Riba-roja. II Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua, October 5-6, Barcelona, Spain.Prats, J., Val, R., Dolz, J., Armengol, J. 2012. Water temperature modeling in the Lower Ebro River (Spain): Heat fluxes, equilibrium temperature, and magnitude of alteration caused by reservoirs and termal effluent. Water Resources Research 48, W05523, doi:10.1029/2011WR010379.Prats, J., Arbat-Bofill, M., Martí Cardona, B., Dolz, J., Armengol, J. 2013. Utilidad de los sensores térmicos aerotransportados en estudios de hidrodinámica de embalses y ríos. III Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua, October 23-24, Valencia, Spain.Rajagopal, S., Pollux, B.J.A., Peters, J.L., Cremers, G., Moon-van der Staay, S.Y., van Alen, T., Eygensteyn, van Hoek, A., Palau, A., bij de Vaate, A., van der Velde, G. 2009. Origin of Spanish invasion by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. Biological Invasions 11, 2147-2159, doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9495-3.Ramón, C.L., Armengol, J., Dolz, J., Prats, J., Rueda, F.J. 2014. Mixing dynamics at the confluence of two large rivers undergoing weak density variations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, doi:10.1002/2013JC009488.Riera, J.L., Jaume, D., de Manuel, J., Armengol, J. 1992. Patterns of variation in the limnology of Spanish reservoirs: A regional study. Limnetica 8, 111-123.Roura, M. 2004. Incidència de l'embassament de Mequinensa en el transport de sòlids en suspensió i la qualitat de l'aigua del riu Ebre. Tesis doctoral. Facultad de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.Ruiz-Bellet, J.L., Balasch, J. C., Tena, A. 2011. Suspended sediment transfer during a flood along the dam-regulated Segre river (NE Iberian Peninsula). Cuaternario y Geomorfología 25(3-4), 87-101.Ruíz-Verdú, A., Domínguez, J.A., Peña, R. 2001. Teledetección aero-portada hiperespectral del embalse de Ribarroja. Revista de Teledetección 16, 69-72.Sabater, F., Armengol, J., Sabater, S. 1989. Measuring discontinuities in the Ter River. 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TÉCNICAS PARTICIPATIVAS EXPERIMENTALES EN LA ASIGNATURA FÍSICA PARA LA ENSEÑANZA MEDIA Y MEDIA SUPERIOR

The proposal of experimental participatory techniques is aimed at creating a space for the exchange of knowledge, according to arouse sensitivities and positive feelings which encourage the participation of the students in a creative way. This is a tool that stimulates and encourages the participation to contribute to the strengthening of the teaching of physics and raise the intellectual activity of students within a pleasant psychological climate that motivates to keep attention to experimental activity that takes place. In this work each technique should be applied according to the time of the process teaching and learning of the Physical depending on the subject that is provided, to determine the application of one or several techniques, and thus be able to achieve the intended goal, the same are structured in name, purpose, description, materials and its utility.La propuesta de técnicas participativas experimentales está dirigida a la creación de un espacio de intercambio de saberes, en función de despertar sensibilidades y sentimientos positivos que estimulen la participación de los alumnos de manera creativa. Estas constituyen una herramienta, que estimula y propicia la participación para contribuir el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza de la Física y elevar la actividad intelectual de los alumnos dentro de un clima psicológico agradable que lo motive a mantener la atención hacia la actividad experimental que se realiza. En este trabajo cada técnica debe ser aplicada de acuerdo con el momento del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Física en función del tema que se imparta, para determinar la aplicación de una o varias técnicas, y así poder alcanzar el objetivo previsto, las mismas están estructuradas en nombre, objetivo, descripción, materiales y su utilidad

Versatile Graphene-Based Platform for Robust Nanobiohybrid Interfaces

Technologically useful and robust graphene-based interfaces for devices require the introduction of highly selective, stable, and covalently bonded functionalities on the graphene surface, whilst essentially retaining the electronic properties of the pristine layer. This work demonstrates that highly controlled, ultrahigh vacuum covalent chemical functionalization of graphene sheets with a thiol-terminated molecule provides a robust and tunable platform for the development of hybrid nanostructures in different environments. We employ this facile strategy to covalently couple two representative systems of broad interest: metal nanoparticles, via S-metal bonds, and thiol-modified DNA aptamers, via disulfide bridges. Both systems, which have been characterized by a multi-technique approach, remain firmly anchored to the graphene surface even after several washing cycles. Atomic force microscopy images demonstrate that the conjugated aptamer retains the functionality required to recognize a target protein. This methodology opens a new route to the integration of high-quality graphene layers into diverse technological platforms, including plasmonics, optoelectronics, or biosensing. With respect to the latter, the viability of a thiol-functionalized chemical vapor deposition graphene-based solution-gated field-effect transistor array was assessed