573 research outputs found
Asiakirjojen tiedoksiantomenettelyt kotimaas-sa ja kansainvälisesti
Tässä opinnäytetyössä tarkastelen asiakirjojen tiedoksiantomenetelmien käyttöä kotimaisissa ja kansainvälisissä yhteyksissä. Opinnäytetyöni keskeisenä tutkimuskysymyksenä esittelen tiedoksiannon kehityksen linjaa sekä sen merkityksestä käräjäoikeuksissa. Lisäksi kerron käräjäoikeuksissa käytössä olevista erilaisista tiedoksiantomenetelmistä nyt ja tulevaisuudessa kutsujen ja haasteiden osalta. Työni alku perustuu tiedoksiannon historiaan, jonka jälkeen paneudun nykypäivän tilaan.
Työssäni käsiteltävällä tiedoksiannolla oikeudenkäynnissä tarkoitetaan haasteiden, kutsujen ja muiden oikeudellisten asiakirjojen antamista asianosaisen tai muun henkilön tietoon. Tiedoksiannolla on suuri merkitys oikeudenkäynnissä asianomaisen oikeusturvan kannalta unoh-tamatta vähäisten resurssien tehokasta käyttöä.
Työni perustuu joiltakin osin kansainväliseen oikeusapuun, jonka olen rajannut Pohjoismaiseen ja EU-maiden väliseen tiedoksiantoon. Kansainvälisestä tiedoksiannosta yritän esittää realistisen kuvan nykytilasta sekä käsityksen huomioon otettavista asioista tiedoksiantoprosessin aikana, kun asianosainen asuu EU-maissa tai Pohjoismaissa.
Keskeisempiä lähteistä työssäni olen käyttänyt oikeudenkäymiskaarta (OK 1.1.1734/4), hallituksen esitystä (HE 123/2009) sekä kansainvälisistä tiedoksiannoista tehtyjä sopimuksia. Työni kuluessa olen haastatellut käräjäoikeuksien henkilökuntaa.Service procedures of documents in domestic and internationally
In this thesis service procedures of documents, which are used in domestic and international connection, are considered. As the most important research subject, the development line of the service, and its sense in the district court, is presented. Furthermore, different service procedures used in connection with subpoena and summons are explored in detail.
In legal proceeding summons, subpoena and other juridical documents informing the parties or other people involved are called service. Servicing plays a significant role in the legal protection of the proper, not to mention effective use of small resources.
The thesis is partially based on international legal assistance, of which only servicing between the Nordic and EU countries is focused on. The aim is to create a clear picture of the current state of international service and to provide a general understanding of matters that should be taken into account during declaration processes in situations, in which the party lives, in one of the EU countries or in Scandinavia.
As the main source of law I have used code of Judicial Procedure (OK 1.1.1734/4), the Governmental Bill (HE 123/2009) as well as agreements on international service of notice. During the work I have also interviewed district court staff
Latitudinal environmental niches and riverine barriers shaped the phylogeography of the central Chilean endemic Dioscorea humilis (Dioscoreaceae)
The effects of Pleistocene glaciations and geographical barriers on the phylogeographic patterns of lowland plant species in Mediterranean-climate areas of Central Chile are poorly understood. We used Dioscorea humilis (Dioscoreaceae), a dioecious geophyte extending 530 km from the Valparaíso to the Bío-Bío Regions, as a case study to disentangle the spatio-temporal evolution of populations in conjunction with latitudinal environmental changes since the Last Inter-Glacial (LIG) to the present. We used nuclear microsatellite loci, chloroplast (cpDNA) sequences and environmental niche modelling (ENM) to construct current and past scenarios from bioclimatic and geographical variables and to infer the evolutionary history of the taxa. We found strong genetic differentiation at nuclear microsatellite loci between the two subspecies of D. humilis, probably predating the LIG. Bayesian analyses of population structure revealed strong genetic differentiation of the widespread D. humilis subsp. humilis into northern and southern population groups, separated by the Maipo river. ENM revealed that the ecological niche differentiation of both groups have been maintained up to present times although their respective geographical distributions apparently fluctuated in concert with the climatic oscillations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. Genetic data revealed signatures of eastern and western postglacial expansion of the northern populations from the central Chilean depression, whereas the southern ones experienced a rapid southward expansion after the LGM. This study describes the complex evolutionary histories of lowland Mediterranean Chilean plants mediated by the summed effects of spatial isolation caused by riverine geographical barriers and the climatic changes of the Quaternary
Novel microsatellite loci for Sebaea aurea (Gentianaceae) and cross-amplification in related species.
Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed in Sebaea aurea (Gentianaceae) to investigate the functional role of diplostigmaty (i.e., the presence of additional stigmas along the style).
Methods and Results: One hundred seventy-four and 180 microsatellite loci were isolated through 454 shotgun sequencing of genomic and microsatellite-enriched DNA libraries, respectively. Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterized, and 12 of them were selected to genotype individuals from two populations. Microsatellite amplification was conducted in two multiplex groups, each containing six microsatellite loci. Cross-species amplification was tested in seven other species of Sebaea. The 12 novel microsatellite loci amplified only in the two most closely related species to S. aurea (i.e., S. ambigua and S. minutiflora) and were also polymorphic in these two species.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate the usefulness of this set of newly developed microsatellite loci to investigate the mating system and population genetic structure in S. aurea and related species
L’impacte de la cabra (Capra hircus) sobre el teix (Taxus baccata) a l’illa de Mallorca
[cat] El teix Taxus baccata a les Balears es troba únicament a la Serra de Tramuntana, està protegit com d’Especial Protecció i és objecte d’un Pla de Maneig executat per la Conselleria de Medi Ambient del Govern de les Illes Balears. La forta pressió de les cabres Capra hircus, incrementada els darrer decennis per l’abandonament de les finques i l’agricultura, és una amenaça que fa perillar el futur del teix. El present treball completa i revisa l’inventari de teixos naturals a la Serra i avalua el seu estat de conservació en funció del grau d’afectació per les cabres assilvestrades. Un 70% dels teixos silvestres pateixen impactes visibles provocats per les cabres. Tot i que la majoria de teixos es trobem empenyalats, la gran majoria (un 84%) pateix un grau d’afectació moderat; el 14% restant presenta una afectació greu, amb una clara amenaça per a la seva supervivència. Els teixos menys afectats són els més difícilment accessibles, i no hi ha cap opció de que puguin créixer amb normalitat a un lloc on arribin les cabres. Ara que ja no es talla ni es permeten les cremes descontrolades, el teix podria tenir unes poblacions més nombroses, tot i que les elevades temperatures estivals i la disminució de les precipitacions, com a conseqüència del canvi climàtic, podrien esdevenir un factor limitant. Avui, però, el principal factor limitant no natural que afecta les poblacions de teix a Mallorca és la pressió que exerceixen les cabres assilvestrades les quals, en molts de casos, poden arribar a provocar la mort dels exemplars.[eng] The yew Taxus baccata in the Balearic Islands is only in the Serra de Tramuntana. It is under Special Protection category and is object of a Management Plan executed by the Balearic Environmental Administration. The strong pressure of goats Capra hircus, increased over the last decades due to the abandonment of farms and agriculture, is a threat that endangers yews future. The present report completes and reviews the inventory of natural yews in the Serra and evaluates its state of conservation based on the degree of involvement by the wild goats. 70% of natural yews suffer visible impacts caused by goats. Although most yews are in cliffs, the vast majority (84%) suffers a moderate degree of threat; the remaining 14% have a serious affectation, with a clear threat to their survival. The least-affected yews are the most difficult to reach, and there is no option to grow normally on a goat's place. Now that neither the cutting of yew or the uncontrolled burning are not allowed, the yew tree could have larger populations, although the high summer temperatures and the decrease of the precipitations, as a consequence of the climate change, could become a limiting factor. Today, however, the main unnatural limiting factor affecting yew populations in Mallorca is the pressure exerted by feral goats which, in many cases, may cause the death of specimens
Seed germination and seedling allogamy in Rosmarinus officinalis: the costs of inbreeding
1) Self-pollination by geitonogamy is likely in self-compatible plants that simultaneously expose large numbers of flowers to pollinators. However, the progeny of these plants is often highly allogamous. Although mechanisms to increase cross-pollination have been identified and studied, their relative importance has rarely been addressed simultaneously in plant populations.
(2) We used Rosmarinus officinalis to explore the factors that influence the probability of self-fertilization due to geitonogamy or that purge its consequences, focusing on their effect on seed germination and allogamy rate. For doing this, we experimentally tested the effects of geitonogamy on the proportion of filled seeds and how it influences germination rates. Then during two field seasons, we studied how life-history and flowering traits of individuals influence seed germination and allogamy rates of their progeny in wild populations at the extremes of the altitudinal range. The traits considered were plant size, population density, duration of the flowering season, number of open flowers, flowering synchrony among individuals within populations, and the proportion of male-sterile flowers.
(3) We found that most seeds obtained experimentally from self-pollinations were apparently healthy but in fact empty, and that the presence of filled seeds drove the differences in germination rates between self- and cross-pollination experiments. Plants from wild populations consistently showed low germination rates and high rates of allogamy as determined with microsatellites. Germination rates related positively to the length of the flowering season, flowering synchrony and the rate of male-sterile flowers whereas the rate of allogamous seedlings was positively related only to the rate of male-sterile flowers.
(4) Rosemary plants purge most of the inbreeding caused by its pollination system by aborting seeds. This study showed that the rates of seed germination and of the resulting allogamy are a function of a complex combination of factors that vary in space and time. Male sterility of flowers, length of the flowering season and flowering synchrony of individuals within populations all favor high rates of cross-pollination, therefore increasing germination and allogamy rates. These flowering traits appear to be highly plastic and respond to local and seasonal environmental conditions
Nektar++: Development of the Compressible Flow Solver for Large Scale Aeroacoustic Applications
A recently developed computational framework for jet noise predictions
is presented. The framework consists of two main components, focusing on
source prediction and noise propagation. To compute the noise sources, the
turbulent jet is simulated using the compressible flow solver implemented
in the open-source spectral/hp element framework Nektar++, which solves
the unfiltered Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured grids using the high-
order discontinuous Galerkin method. This allows high-order accuracy to be
achieved on unstructured grids, which in turn is important in order to accu-
rately simulate industrially relevant geometries. For noise propagation, the
Ffowcs Williams - Hawkings method is used to propagate the noise between
the jet and the far-field. The paper provides a detailed description of the com-
putational framework, including how the different components fit together
and how to use them. To demonstrate the framework, two configurations of a
single stream subsonic jet are considered. In the first configuration, the jet is treated in isolation, whereas in the second configuration, it is installed under
a wing. The aerodynamic results for these two jets show strong agreement
with experimental data, while some discrepancies are observed in the acous-
tic results, which are discussed. In addition to this, we demonstrate close to
linear scaling beyond 100, 000 processors on the ARCHER2 supercomputer
Population genetic structure of a sandstone specialist and a generalist heath species at two levels of sandstone patchiness across the Strait of Gibraltar
Many habitat specialist species are originally composed of small, discontinuous populations because their habitats are naturally fragmented or patchy. They may have suffered the long-term effects of natural patchiness. Mediterranean heathlands, a representative habitat in the Strait of Gibraltar region, are associated with nutrient-poor, acidic sandstone soils. Sandstone soil patches in the African side of the Strait (Tangier) are, in general, smaller and more scattered than in the European side (Algeciras). In this study, we analyze the effect of this sandstone patchiness on the population genetic diversity and structure of two Erica species from these Mediterranean heathlands that differ in their edaphic specificity, E. australis, sandstone specialist, and E. arborea, generalist. Average levels of within-population genetic diversity and gene flow between populations were significantly lower in Tangier (high sandstone patchiness) than in Algeciras (low patchiness) for the sandstone specialist, whereas no differences between both sides of the Strait were detected in the edaphic generalist. Since most endemic species in Mediterranean heathlands of the Strait of Gibraltar are sandstone specialists, these results highlight an increased vulnerability to loss of genetic diversity and local extinction of the heathland endemic flora in the Tangier side of the Strait of Gibraltar. © 2014 Gil-López et al.Project BREATHAL (CGL2011-28759/BOS) was financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Peer Reviewe
Comportamiento frente a cloruros de un hormigón autocompactable de alta resistencia con mezclas ternarias de nano y micro sílice
In this paper, the influence of additions of nanosilica (nSi) and microsilica (mSi) on the behaviour of binary and ternary mixtures in chloride environments is studied. The main objective is to obtain high-performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC) with a high durability which can meet specific demands in such aggressive environments. Ten blends were manufactured using Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 R) and additions of nSi and mSi in binary and ternary mixtures. The results of three tests frequently used to evaluate resistance to chloride penetration– electrical resistivity, migration and chloride diffusion –were studied and compared. Both binary and ternary mixtures presented significant improvements in chloride resistance, generally in proportion to the total content of the addition. In all the ternary mixtures, high resistivity is obtained, which indicates that such mixtures have a notably low chloride penetrability. Furthermore, these mixtures provided extremely low chloride diffusion coefficients even at small addition ratios.En este artículo se estudia la influencia en el comportamiento frente a cloruros de la adición de nanosílice (nSi) y microsílice (mSi) en mezclas binarias y ternarias. El principal objetivo es obtener un hormigón autocompactante de altas prestaciones con una alta durabilidad frente a estos ambientes agresivos con cloruros. Se prepararon diez dosificaciones usando cemento Portland (CEM I 52.5 R) y adiciones de nSi y mSi en mezclas binarias y ternarias. Se estudiaron y analizaron tres ensayos frecuentemente utilizados para evaluar la resistencia a la penetración de cloruros, resistividad eléctrica, migración y difusión de cloruros. Tanto las mezclas binarias como ternarias presentaron mejoras significativas en la resistencia a cloruros, en general proporcional al contenido de adición. En todas las mezclas ternarias se ha obtenido alta resistividad, indicando una penetrabilidad a cloruros notablemente baja. Estas mezclas proporcionaron un coeficiente de difusión de cloruros extremadamente bajo, incluso para bajos contenidos de adición
Finite Element Simulations of Two-phase Flow and Floating Bodies Using FEniCS-HPC
We present a variational multiscale stabilized finite element method to solve the variable density incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of two-phase flow. We introduce a level-set method based on the compression technique similar to [1]. For the simulation of floating devices we make use of a simplified rigid body motion scheme and a deforming mesh approach [2]. The mesh deforms elastically following the movement of the body. An implicit turbulence model is used where turbulence is modelled by the numerical stabilization. The described methods are implemented in the open source software framework FEniCS-HPC [3] provided with an automated methodology for discretization and error control. We are working in a project for marine energy generation together with Tecnalia R&I. In this context we simulate floating platforms that will be used for marine energy generation or device experimentation in the ocean. The aim is to study the dynamics of this kind of off-shore devices. Our simulation results are compared against the experimental data obtained by Tecnalia R&I company in the experimental tank of CEHIPAR in Spain. We also participate in the IEA-OES Task 10 project where different simulations of floating bodies are carried out. The results are compared against other groups simulations that use different methodologies
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